Author: vibssingh

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Git Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ2

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Welcome to the Git Quiz! This blog post features 25 multiple-choice questions that explore essential concepts of Git.

1. What is the full form of GIT?

Select the best answer

a) Global International Track.
b) Global information Traffic.
c) Global information Tracker
d) None of the above

Answer

2. Which of the following problems does Git help solve

Choose one option

a) Recovering older versions of a software project
b) Developing multiple versions of a software project in parallel
c) Merging changes to a software project made by collaborating developers working in parallel
d) All of the above
e) None of the above

Answer

3. Which of these Git client commands creates a copy of the repository and a working directory in the
client’s workspace.

Choose one option

a) update
b) checkout
c) clone
d) import
e) None of the above

Answer

4. In Git, which error would you get if you try to push master-branch changes to a remote repository,
and someone else pushed changes to that same branch while you were making your changes?

Choose one option

a) Rejected
b) 404
c) 500
d) Access denied
e) 400 Bad request

Answer

5. Git Pull is a combination of:

Choose one option

a) branch and checkout
b) add and commit
c) fetch and merge

Answer

6. Imagine that you just joined a development team that uses Git for version control and collaboration.
To start contributing to the project, what Git operation would you most likely invoke first?

a) checkout
b) clone
c) export
d) revert
e) update

Answer

7. Imagine that you have a local repository, but other team members have pushed changes into the
remote repository. What Git operation would you use to download those changes into your working
copy?

a) checkout
b) commit
c) export
d) pull
e) update

Answer

8. How do you push changes from a local branch to a remote repository?

Choose one option

a) git send
b) git upload
c) git dispatch
d) git push

Answer

9. What’s a shortcut to staging all the changes you have?

Choose one option

a) git add .
b) git commit .
c) git commit add .
d) git stage -a

Answer

10. Which of the following commands is used in switching between branches?

Choose one option

a) git merge
b) git checkout
c) git switch
d) git branch

Answer

11. What does the HEAD in Git represent?

Choose one option

a) The first commit in the repository
b) The latest commit in the remote repository
c) The currently checked-out commit
d) The base of the current branch

Answer

12.  How can you undo the most recent commit?

Choose one option

a) git revert HEAD
b) git reset HEAD~1
c) git undo
d) git back

Answer

13. Which command is used to stash changes in Git?

Choose one option

a) git hide
b) git keep
c) git reserve
d) git stash

Answer

14. How do you create a tag in Git?

Choose one option

a) git marker
b) git tag
c) git label
d) git point

Answer

15. Which of the following is not a valid merge strategy in Git?

Choose one option

a) fast-forward
b) recursive
c) octopus
d) squid

Answer

16. Which command lists all the branches in a Git repository?

Choose one option

a) git list
b) git branches
c) git show-branches
d) git branch

Answer

17. What does the git cherry-pick command do?

Choose one option

a) Picks a random commit from history
b) Applies changes from a specific commit to the current branch
c) Deletes a specific commit
d) Merges two unrelated branches

Answer

18. How do you remove untracked files from your working directory?

Choose one option

a) git clean
b) git erase
c) git purge
d) git remove

Answer

 19. What is a bare repository in Git?

a) A repository without any commits
b) A repository with no branches
c) A repository without a working directory
d) A repository that can’t be cloned

Answer

20. How do you view the differences between the working directory and the last commit?

Choose one option

a) git view
b) git diff
c) git changes
d) git compare

Answer

21. Which command merges one branch into another?

Choose one option

a) git merge
b) git join
c) git combine
d) git bind

Answer

22. What is a merge conflict?

Choose one option

a) An error in the Git configuration
b) A disagreement among team members
c) Overlapping changes between branches
d) An issue with remote repository synchronization

Answer

23. Which command is used to clone a remote repository?

Choose one option

a) git copy
b) git replicate
c) git duplicate
d) git clone

Answer

24. Which command connects a local repository to a remote server?

Choose one option

a) git link
b) git bind
c) git remote add
d) git connect

Answer

25. How do you fetch the latest updates from a remote repository without merging them?

Choose one option

a) git pull
b) git get
c) git fetch
d) git update

Answer

Additional Multiple Choice Questions

Git Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ1

DevOps Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ1 

vibssingh

SQL Multiple Choice Answers – MCQ1

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Welcome to the SQL Quiz!

SQL Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ1

Answers

1) a) Structured Query Language

2) a) CREATE TABLE

CREATE TABLE Students (ID int PRIMARY KEY, Name varchar(50));

3) a) SELECT

SELECT column1, column2, ... FROM table_name;

4) a) Primary Key

5) c) Reduce data redundancy

6) c) Relational

7) a) Deletes a table called Student

8) a) UPDATE

UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;

9) a) INSERT INTO

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3, ...)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);

10) a) DELETE

DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;

11) a) Select, From

12) d) ;

13) b) ALTER

ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name datatype;

14) a) DROP deletes the table, TRUNCATE deletes only the table data

15) a) TABEL

16) 

a) SELECT FirstName FROM Students

17) 

a) SELECT * FROM Students

18) 

a) SELECT * FROM Students WHERE FirstName='Peter'

19) 

a) SELECT * FROM Students WHERE FirstName LIKE 'a%'

20) c) By ensuring all operations within the transaction are completed before committing

21) a) PRIMARY

It should be PRIMARY KEY instead of PRIMARY.

CREATE TABLE Students (ID int PRIMARY KEY, Name varchar(50));

22) d) All Correct

23) b) Modifies an existing record

24) c) Specifies which records to delete

25) a) All Correct

vibssingh

SQL Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ1

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Welcome to the SQL Quiz! This blog post features 25 multiple-choice questions that explore essential concepts of SQL.

1. What does SQL stand for?

Select the best answer

a) Structured Query Language
b) Strong Question Language
c) Structured Question Language
d) None

Answer

2. What command is used to create a new table in SQL?

Choose one option

a) CREATE TABLE
b) GENERATE TABLE
c) BUILD TABLE
d) NONE

Answer

3. Which SQL statement is used to extract data from a database?

Choose one option

a) SELECT
b) GET
c) OPEN
d) EXTRACT

Answer

4. In a database, what is a unique identifier for each record in a table called?

Choose one option

a) Primary key
b) Secondary key
c) Foreign key
d) Index key

Answer

5. What is the purpose of normalization in a database?

Choose one option

a) Increase data redundancy
b) Optimize query speed
c) Reduce data redundancy
d) Improve data security

Answer

6. What type of database model organizes data in tables with rows and columns?

a) Hierarchical
b) Network
c) Relational
d) Object-Oriented

Answer

7. What does the following statement in SQL do?

DROP TABLE Student;

a) Deletes a table called Student
b) Creates a table called Student
c) Check if there is a table called Student
d) None

Answer

8. Which SQL statement is used to update data in a database?

Choose one option

a) UPDATE
b) SAVE
c) MODIFY
d) SAVE AS

Answer

9. Which SQL statement is used to insert new data in a database?

Choose one option

a) INSERT INTO
b) ADD NEW
c) ADD RECORD
d) INSERT NEW

Answer

10. Which SQL statement is used to delete data from a database?

Choose one option

a) DELETE
b) REMOVE
c) COLLAPSE

Answer

11. Which statement(s) are mandatory in a simple SQL SELECT statement?

Choose one option

a) Select, From
b) Select, OrderBy
c) Select, Where
d) Select, GroupBy

Answer

12.  Which character is used to separate SQL statements in database systems?

Choose one option

a) :
b) %
c) _
d) ;

Answer

13. Which command should be used to change the datatype of a column in an SQL table?

Choose one option

a) CREATE
b) ALTER
c) DROP
d) TRUNCATE

Answer

14. What is the difference between the DROP and TRUNCATE commands in SQL?

Choose one option

a) DROP deletes the table, TRUNCATE deletes only the table data
b) TRUNCATE deletes the table, DROP deletes only the table data
c) No difference
d) Both commands modify table data

Answer

15. Which part of this statement is incorrect?

CREATE TABEL Students (ID int, Name varchar(50));

Choose one option

a) TABEL
b) Students
c) ID int
d) Name varchar(50)

Answer

16. With SQL, how do you select a column named “FirstName” from table named “Students”?

Choose one option

a) SELECT FirstName FROM Students
b) SELECT Students.FirstName
c) EXTRACT FirstName FROM Students
d) None

Answer

17. With SQL, how do you select all the columns from a table named “Students”?

Choose one option

a) SELECT * FROM Students
b) SELECT [all] FROM Students
c) SELECT *.Students
d) SELECT Students

Answer

18. With SQL, how do you select all the records from a table named “Students” where the value of the column “FirstName” is “Peter”?

Choose one option

a) SELECT * FROM Students WHERE FirstName='Peter'
b) SELECT * FROM Students WHERE FirstName<>'Peter'
c) SELECT [all] FROM Students WHERE FirstName LIKE 'Peter'
d) SELECT [all] FROM Students WHERE FirstName='Peter'

Answer

 19. With SQL, how do you select all the records from a table named “Students” where the value of the column “FirstName” starts with an “a”?

a) SELECT * FROM Students WHERE FirstName LIKE 'a%'
b) SELECT * FROM Students WHERE FirstName='%a%'
c) SELECT * FROM Students WHERE FirstName='a'
d) SELECT * FROM Students WHERE FirstName LIKE '%a'

Answer

20. How does a transaction ensure data integrity in SQL?

Choose one option

a) By locking the database
b) By allowing multiple users to modify data simultaneously
c) By ensuring all operations within the transaction are completed before committing
d) By automatically updating all related tables

Answer

21. Correct the syntax error in

CREATE TABLE Students (ID int PRIMARY, Name varchar(50));

a) PRIMARY
b) ID int
c) Name varchar(50)
d) CREATE TABLE

Answer

22. What is missing for this statement to be correct?

ALTER TABLE Students ADD COLUMN Email varchar(50);

a) ADD COLUMN
b) Email
c) varchar(50)
d) All Correct

Answer

23. What does the UPDATE command in SQL do?

a) Deletes a record
b) Modifies an existing record
c) Adds a new record
d) Retrieves data

Answer

24. In SQL, what is the purpose of the WHERE clause in a DELETE statement?

a) Specifies which database to use
b) Specifies which table to delete from
c) Specifies which records to delete
d) Specifies how to order the records

Answer

25. What needs to be corrected in the below query?

SELECT Name FROM Employees WHERE Age > 30 AND Department = 'HR';

a) All Correct
b) SELECT keyword
c) WHERE clause
d) AND operator

Answer

====================================================================

Additional MCQ for SQL

SQL Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ2
SQL Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ3

vibssingh

BDD Multiple Choice Answers – MCQ1

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BDD Quiz – You can test your knowledge with this BDD Quiz. 

BDD Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ1

Answers

1) 1) Behavior Driven Development

2) 2) TDD

3) 2) BDD

4) 3) Discovery, Formulation, Automation

5) 2) Discovery, Formulation, Automation

6) 1) Common agreed understanding of the behaviour of the system

7) 2) Documented Examples

8) 1) Implemented Code + Automation Tests

9) 3) To have a different perspective from at least 3 different teams to discuss and create a common understanding.

10) 3) Product Owner, Developer & Tester

11) 2) General description of the software feature or change from an end-user perspective

12) 1) Product Owner

13) 4) All of the above

14) 4) All of the above

15) 3) All of the above

16) 3) Both (1) and (2)

17) 1) False

18) 2) Cucumber and 3) Serenity

19) 4) All of the above

20) 4) Ruby

vibssingh

Git Multiple Choice Answers – MCQ1

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Welcome to the Git Quiz!

Git Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ1

Answers

1) c) Version Control System

Git is a distributed version control system that allows multiple users to track and manage changes in software projects.

2) a) False

Git is a distributed version control system designed to handle everything from small to very large projects with speed and efficiency.

GitHub is a web-based platform built on top of Git to facilitate code collaboration and sharing.

3) a) git –version

4) d) git init

To learn more about this command, please refer to How to create a new Git Repository – git init Command.

5) a) –global

To set the default user name for every repository on your computer, you can use the git config command with the --global option.

6) c) git config user.email

git config --global user.name "Your Name"

7) d) git log

To learn more about this command, please refer to How to track commits in Git – git log command

8) a) git add –all

To learn more about this command, please refer to How to stage changes in Git – git add Command

9) a) git add

To learn more about this command, please refer to How to stage changes in Git – git add Command

10) a) git status

11) a) Ignored files are tracked in a special file named as .gitignore named which is checked in at the root of the repository.

To learn more about this command, please refer to How to ignore files in GIT – gitignore

12) a) False

13) c) git commit

To learn more about this command, please refer to How to commit changes in GIT – git commit command

14) b) git rm

To learn more about this command, please refer to How to unstage the changes in Git – git rm command

15) a) git commit -m “New attribute”

16) d) Repository metadata and version history

17) a) A separate version of the main repository.

18) b) A list of remote repositories you are connected to

19) b) git log -n

To learn more about this command, please refer to How to track commits in Git – git log command

20) d) Commit history is never automatically deleted.

21) c) git branch

To learn more about this command, please refer to How to create a branch in GIT

22) a) git checkout new-email

23) a) -b

git checkout -b feature/customerDetails

To learn more about this command, please refer to How to create a branch in GIT

24) a) git switch

git switch command allows you to switch to a different branch. Before Git version 2.23, the common approach was git checkout.

25) a) git remote add origin https://abc.xyz/d/e.git

vibssingh

Git Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ1

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Welcome to the Git Quiz! This blog post features 25 multiple-choice questions that explore essential concepts of Git.

1. What is Git?

Select the best answer

a) Text Editor
b) Compiler
c) Version Control System
d) Operating System

Answer

2. Git is the same as GitHub.

Choose one option

a) False
b) True

Answer

3. What is the command to get the installed version of Git?

Choose one option

a) git –version
b) git help version
c) getGitVersion
d) gitVersion

Answer

4. Which command initializes a new Git repository?

Choose one option

a) git new
b) git create
c) git start
d) git init

Answer

5. Which option should you use to set the default user name for every repository on your computer?

Choose one option

a) –global
b) –A
c) No need to specify, that is the default.
d) –all

Answer

6. What is the command to set the user email for the current repository?

a) git config email
b) git email.user
c) git config user.email

Answer

7. How can you view the commit history in Git?

a) git logs
b) git history
c) git commits
d) git log

Answer

8. What is the command to add all files and changes of the current folder to the staging environment of the Git repository?

Choose one option

a) git add –all
b) git add –files
c) git add

Answer

9. Which command adds changes to the staging area in Git?

Choose one option

a) git add
b) git save
c) git upload
d) git stage

Answer

10. Which command shows the status of changes in the repository?

Choose one option

a) git status
b) git show
c) git view
d) git display

Answer

11. How to ignore certain files in Git?

Choose one option

a) Ignored files are tracked in a special file named as .gitignore named which is checked in at the root of the repository.
b) Create a file .ignore and track the ignored file in it
c) You can not ignore files in GIT

Answer

12.  Git automatically adds new files to the repository and starts tracking the changes

Choose one option

a) False
b) True

Answer

13. How do you commit the staged changes?

Choose one option

a) git save
b) git update
c) git commit
d) git store

Answer

14. How to unstage the staged changes in Git?

Choose one option

a) git remove
b) git rm
c) git add
d) git commit

Answer

15. What is the command to commit with the message “New attribute”:

Choose one option

a) git commit -m “New attribute”
b) git commit -mess “New attribute”
c) git commit -log “New attribute”
d) git commit message “New attribute”

Answer

16. What does the .git directory store?

Choose one option

a) Configuration files
b) Source code
c) Project documentation
d) Repository metadata and version history

Answer

17. In Git, a branch is:

Choose one option

a) A separate version of the main repository.
b) A small wooden stick you can use to type commands.
c) Nothing, it is a nonsense word.
d) A secret part of Git config.

Answer

18. What will the following command print to the Terminal?

git remote -v

Choose one option

a) The current git version you’re running
b) A list of remote repositories you are connected to
c) The last 5 git versions you’ve installed
d) An inline editor for modifying remote repositories

Answer

 19. Which Command is used to show limited number of commits?

a) git log -f
b) git log -n
c) git config -n
d) git log status

Answer

20. Git commit history is automatically deleted:

Choose one option

a) Every 2 weeks.
b) Every month.
c) Every year.
d) Commit history is never automatically deleted.

Answer

21. Which command creates a new branch in Git?

a) git new branch
b) git branch-new
c) git branch
d) git create-branch

Answer

22. What is the command to move to the branch named “new-email”?

a) git checkout new-email
b) git branch new-email
c) git checkout branch new-email
d) git branch -move new-email

Answer

23. What is the option, when moving to a branch, to create the branch it if it does not exist?

a) -b
b) -new
c) -newbranch
d) -all

Answer

24. How do you switch to a different branch in Git?

a) git switch
b) git move
c) git jump
d) git hop

Answer

25. What is the command to add the remote repository “https://abc.xyz/d/e.git&#8221; as “origin”?

a) git remote add origin https://abc.xyz/d/e.git
b) git add origin https://abc.xyz/d/e.git
c) git origin=https://abc.xyz/d/e.git
d) git remote https://abc.xyz/d/e.git

Answer

====================================================================

vibssingh

How to clone a Git Repository – git clone

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In this tutorial, I will explain the process to clone a repository using git.

Prerequisite

Git and Git Bash are installed on the machine.

If Git is not installed, please refer to this tutorial – How to install Git on Windows 10.

Use the following command to clone the repository.

git clone <repository_url>

Replace <repository_url> with the URL of the repository you want to clone. You can typically find this URL on the repository’s page (e.g., on GitHub or GitLab) by clicking the “Clone” or “Download” button.

Cloning a repository from GitHub

Step 1 – On GitHub, navigate to the main page of the repository.

Step 2 – Click the Code button and we will see options HTTPS, GitHub CLI.

Step 3 – Copy the URL for the repository.

  1. To clone a repository using GitHub CLI, click GitHub CLI, then click .
  2. To clone the repository using HTTPS, under “HTTPS”, click .
  3. To clone the repository using an SSH key, including a certificate issued by your organization’s SSH certificate authority, click SSH, then click . Here, this is my personal account, so no SSH is setup.

Step 4 – Open Git Bash at the location where we want to clone the repository. Right click and select More Options and then select “Open Git Bash here”.

Step 5 – Type git clone, and then paste the URL we have copied earlier.

git clone https://github.com/vibssingh/SpringBoot-Cucumber-TestNG.git

How to clone a specific branch?

git clone -b <branch-name> <repository-url>

The -b option specifies the branch name to be cloned. This method directly clones the specified branch, potentially skipping the checkout step.

That’s it! We have a copy of the repository on our local machine.

vibssingh

DevOps Multiple Choice Answers – MCQ1

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Welcome to the DevOps Quiz! This blog post features answers to DevOps questions that explore key DevOps concepts, covering foundational principles and commonly used tools in a typical DevOps pipeline.

DevOps Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ1

Answers

1) a) Development Operations

2) b) Continuous Integration

CI stands for Continuous Integration, a practice where developers integrate code into a shared repository frequently.

3) a)Jenkins

Jenkins is a widely used open-source tool that facilitates both Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment.

4) b) It involves moving code in large amounts

Continuous Integration in Agile typically involves moving code in small, frequent intervals rather than large amounts. This helps in the early detection of integration issues and ensures that changes are regularly integrated into a shared repository, reducing the risk of conflicts and improving overall collaboration.

5) d) Version Control, Build,Auto Test, Deploy

6) a) Operating

7) b) Implants Manual Errors

8) d) Jira

Chef, Puppet, and Ansible are configuration management tools, Jira is an issue and project tracking tool.

9) c) Containerization

Docker is primarily known for creating, deploying, and running applications in containers.

10) c) Container orchestration

Kubernetes is a platform designed to manage containerized workloads and services.

11) d) Git

Git is a distributed version control system commonly used in the DevOps world.

12) a)Version control

Version control systems are tools that allow teammates to track and manage changes made to a file or set of files.

13) c) Infrastructure as Code

IaC or Infrastructure as Code is a method to provision and manage IT infrastructure through code and automation.

14) c) Reduced recovery time after failures

15) b) Incorporating operations earlier in the development cycle

16) c) Collaboration and sharing between teams

17) a) Writing scripts (code) to automate infrastructure deployment

18) b) Test

19) b) Culture, Automation, Lean, Measurement, Sharing

20) c) Ansible

Ansible is a popular tool for configuration management, automating tasks such as software configuration and deployment.

21) c) Slack

22) c) Deploys changes gradually to reduce the impact on users.

23) d) Acceptance Testing

24) c) Continuous Integration

25) b) Containers have a smaller footprint and faster startup times.

vibssingh

DevOps Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ1

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Welcome to the DevOps Quiz! This blog post features 25 multiple-choice questions that explore key DevOps concepts, covering foundational principles and commonly used tools in a typical DevOps pipeline.

1. What does ‘DevOps’ stand for?

Select the best answer

  1. Development Operations
  2. Device Operations
  3. Deviant Operations
  4. Developer’s Operations

Answer

2. What does CI in CI/CD stand for?

Choose one option

a) Continuous Input
b) Continuous Integration
c) Continuous Improvement
d) Continuous Installation

Answer

3. Which tool is commonly used for Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD)?

Choose one option

a) Jenkins
b) Docker
c) Git
d) Ansible

Answer

4. Which of the following is NOT true of continuous integration in Agile?

Choose one option

a) It involves moving code from a development to test environment
b) It involves moving code in large amounts
c) It involves moving code in frequent intervals
d) It is most effectively done through automation

Answer

5. Flow of the CICD pipeline

Choose one option

a) Build, Deploy,version control,Auto test
b) Build, Deploy, Auto Test, Unit Test
c) Version Control, Build, Deploy, Auto Test
d) Version Control, Build,Auto Test, Deploy

Answer

6. Which of the following is not a part of DevOps lifecycle __

a) Operating
b) Plan
c) Build
d) Code

Answer

7. Which of the following is not a benefit of Automation in DevOps?

a) Enables anyone to perform tasks
b) Implants Manual Errors
c) Enables Speed, Reliability and Consistency
d) None of the Above

Answer

8. Which of the following is NOT a configuration management tool?

Choose one option

a) Chef
b) Puppet
c) Ansible
d) Jira

Answer

9. What is Docker primarily used for?

Choose one option

a) Version Control
b) Continuous Integration
c) Containerization
d) Project Management

Answer

10. What’s the primary purpose of Kubernetes?

Choose one option

a) Source code management
b) Automated testing
c) Container orchestration
d) Configuration management

Answer

11. Which tool is mainly used for version control in DevOps?

Choose one option

a) Jenkins
b) Docker
c) Kubernetes
d) Git

Answer

12.  ___ consists of a central shared repository where teammates can commit changes to a file or set of files.

Choose one option

a) Version control
b) Central Repository
c) Risk Filters
d) None of the above

Answer

13. What does IaC stand for in DevOps?

Choose one option

a) Infrastructure as Computer
b) Integration and Configuration
c) Infrastructure as Code
d) Input and Compute

Answer

14. Which of the following is a benefit of implementing DevOps?

Choose one option

a) Slower release cycles
b) Less collaboration between teams
c) Reduced recovery time after failures
d) Increased infrastructure cost

Answer

15. In DevOps, what does “shift left” refer to?

Choose one option

a) Delaying testing to the end of the development cycle
b) Incorporating operations earlier in the development cycle
c) Left-aligning code
d) Outsourcing operations

Answer

16. Which of the following represents a cultural aspect of DevOps?

Choose one option

a) Using Docker
b) Automation scripts
c) Collaboration and sharing between teams
d) Writing Infrastructure as Code

Answer

17. What is Infrastructure as Code (IaC)?

Choose one option

a) Writing scripts (code) to automate infrastructure deployment
b) Using code repositories to store infrastructure information
c) Documenting infrastructure requirements
d) Writing application code that supports multiple infrastructure setups

Answer

18. In which phase are automated tests primarily run in a CI/CD pipeline?

Choose one option

a) Build
b) Test
c) Deploy
d) Monitor

Answer

 19. What does the acronym “CALMS” stand for in the context of DevOps?

a) Code, Automation, Logs, Monitoring, Security
b) Culture, Automation, Lean, Measurement, Sharing
c) Continuous Application Lifecycle Management System
d) Code, Automation, Lifecycle, Monitoring, Systems

Answer

20. Which tool is used for configuration management?

Choose one option

a) Git
b) Nagios
c) Ansible
d) Jira

Answer

21. In a DevOps environment, effective collaboration between development and operations teams is crucial. As the DevOps manager, you want to implement practices that enhance communication and cooperation. Which collaboration tool or platform would be most suitable for fostering real-time collaboration and knowledge sharing among team members?

a) GitLab
b) Jenkins
c) Slack
d) Docker

Answer

22. The DevOps team at Microsoft Azure Corp is transitioning from manual to automated deployment processes. To ensure a smooth transition, the team decides to implement Blue-Green deployment. What is the primary advantage of using Blue-Green deployment in the context of minimizing downtime during releases?

a) Allows for rollback to the previous version in case of issues.
b) Requires minimal automation tools for implementation.
c) Deploys changes gradually to reduce the impact on users.
d) Completely halts the production environment during deployment.

Answer

23. The DevOps team at Global Solutions is planning to implement a CI/CD pipeline for a complex software application. Considering the importance of automated testing in the pipeline, what type of testing is most appropriate for validating the overall functionality and user experience of the application?

a) Unit Testing
b) Integration Testing
c) System Testing
d) Acceptance Testing

Answer

24. The DevOps team at Google Cloud Computing is tasked with improving the efficiency of their continuous delivery process. What practice can significantly contribute to achieving faster and more reliable software releases by automating the build, test, and deployment stages?

a) Manual Deployment
b) Feature Branching
c) Continuous Integration
d) Periodic Code Review

Answer

25. The DevOps team at Agile Innovations is adopting a containerization strategy using Docker for their microservices. To optimize resource utilization, what is a key benefit of using containers compared to traditional virtual machines?

a) Containers provide stronger isolation between applications.
b) Containers have a smaller footprint and faster startup times.
c) Containers are suitable only for monolithic applications.
d) Containers are less portable across different environments.

Answer

====================================================================

vibssingh

Merge PDF Files in Selenium with Java

Last Updated On

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In this article we will see how we can see how we will merge 2 PDF files in a single PDF file using selenium Java.

Merging PDF documents in Selenium using Java requires some additional libraries because Selenium itself does not provide direct support for reading PDFs. The most commonly used library for reading PDFs in Java is Apache PDFBox.

Table of Contents

  1. Add the dependencies
  2. WebDriver SetUp and navigate to the page
  3. Download the pdfs
  4. Merging the PDFs
  5. Delete old PDF files
  6. Quit the browser

Sample PDF File1

Sample PDF File2

1. Add the dependencies

  <dependency>
      <groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
      <artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
      <version>4.24.0</version>
    </dependency>

    <dependency>
      <groupId>commons-io</groupId>
      <artifactId>commons-io</artifactId>
      <version>2.16.1</version>
    </dependency>

    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.apache.pdfbox</groupId>
      <artifactId>pdfbox</artifactId>
      <version>3.0.3</version>
    </dependency>

2. WebDriver SetUp and navigate to the page

Configuring WebDriver for Chrome and setting ChromeOptions for downloading PDFs automatically without prompts.

 String downloadFilepath = System.getProperty("user.dir") + File.separator + "downloads";

        ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
        Map<String, Object> prefs = new HashMap<>();
        prefs.put("plugins.always_open_pdf_externally", true);
        prefs.put("download.default_directory", downloadFilepath);
        options.setExperimentalOption("prefs", prefs);

        WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
        driver.manage().window().maximize();
        driver.get("https://freetestdata.com/document-files/pdf/");

3. Download the pdfs

We are using the Apache PDFBox to download PDF files.

We are using WebDriverWait to wait until the pdfs are downloaded.

// Download first PDF
    WebElement downloadLink1 = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@class='elementor-button-text']"));
    downloadLink1.click();

//Wait for first PDF download to complete
   File downloadedFile1 = new File(downloadFilepath + "/Free_Test_Data_100KB_PDF.pdf");    
   WebDriverWait wait1 = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(30));
   wait1.until((ExpectedCondition<Boolean>) wd -> downloadedFile1.exists());
    System.out.println("PDF file1 is downloaded successfully.");

// Download second PDF
    WebElement downloadLink2 = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id=\"post-81\"]/div/div/section[3]/div/div[1]/div/section[2]/div/div[2]/div/div/div/div/a/span/span"));
    downloadLink2.click();

//Wait for first PDF download to complete
    File downloadedFile2 = new File(downloadFilepath + "/260KB.pdf");
   WebDriverWait wait2 = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(30));
    wait2.until((ExpectedCondition<Boolean>) wd -> downloadedFile2.exists());
    System.out.println("PDF file2 is downloaded successfully.");

4. Merging the PDFs

We are using PDFMergerUtility from Apache PDFBox to merge the downloaded PDF files into a single PDF.

 public static void mergePDFFiles(String pdf1Path, String pdf2Path, String mergedPdfPath) throws IOException {
        PDFMergerUtility pdfMerger = new PDFMergerUtility();

        pdfMerger.addSource(new File(pdf1Path));
        pdfMerger.addSource(new File(pdf2Path));
        pdfMerger.setDestinationFileName(mergedPdfPath);

        // Merge PDFs
        pdfMerger.mergeDocuments(null);

    }

Step 1 – Creates an instance of PDFMergerUtility which is a utility class in Apache PDFBox for merging multiple PDF files.

PDFMergerUtility pdfMerger = new PDFMergerUtility();

Step 2 – Adds the first PDF file (pdf1Path) and the second PDF file (pdf2Path) as sources to the PDFMergerUtility instance.

pdfMerger.addSource(new File(pdf1Path));
pdfMerger.addSource(new File(pdf2Path));

Step 3 – setDestinationFileName is a method provided by PDFMergerUtility to set the output file’s path.

 pdfMerger.setDestinationFileName(mergedPdfPath);

Step 4 – The mergeDocuments(COSLoadOptions) method performs the merging operation. The parameter null signifies that default load options are used.

pdfMerger.mergeDocuments(null);

5. Delete old PDF files

Verify if each file exists before attempting to delete it and printing a success or failure message based on the deletion attempt.

public static void deleteOldPDFFiles(File... files) {
        for (File file : files) {
            if (file.exists()) {
                if (file.delete()) {
                    System.out.println(file.getName() + " was deleted successfully.");
                } else {
                    System.out.println("Failed to delete " + file.getName() + ".");
                }
            }
        }
    }

6. Quit the browser

Quit the browser after all the operations are finished to free up the resources.

driver.quit();

The entire program can be seen below:

package com.example;

import org.apache.pdfbox.Loader;
import org.apache.pdfbox.multipdf.PDFMergerUtility;
import org.apache.pdfbox.pdmodel.PDDocument;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedCondition;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.time.Duration;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

public class PDFMerge_Demo {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, IOException {

        String downloadFilepath = System.getProperty("user.dir") + File.separator + "merge_downloads";

        ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
        Map<String, Object> prefs = new HashMap<>();
        prefs.put("plugins.always_open_pdf_externally", true);
        prefs.put("download.default_directory", downloadFilepath);
        options.setExperimentalOption("prefs", prefs);

        WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
        driver.manage().window().maximize();
        driver.get("https://freetestdata.com/document-files/pdf/");

        // Download first PDF
        WebElement downloadLink1 = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@class='elementor-button-text']"));
        downloadLink1.click();

        //Wait for first PDF download to complete
        File downloadedFile1 = new File(downloadFilepath + "/Free_Test_Data_100KB_PDF.pdf");
        WebDriverWait wait1 = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(30));
        wait1.until((ExpectedCondition<Boolean>) wd -> downloadedFile1.exists());
        System.out.println("PDF file1 is downloaded successfully.");

        // Download second PDF
        WebElement downloadLink2 = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id=\"post-81\"]/div/div/section[3]/div/div[1]/div/section[2]/div/div[2]/div/div/div/div/a/span/span"));
        downloadLink2.click();

        //Wait for first PDF download to complete
        File downloadedFile2 = new File(downloadFilepath + "/260KB.pdf");
        WebDriverWait wait2 = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(30));
        wait2.until((ExpectedCondition<Boolean>) wd -> downloadedFile2.exists());
        System.out.println("PDF file2 is downloaded successfully.");

        String pdf1Path = downloadedFile1.getAbsolutePath();
        String pdf2Path = downloadedFile2.getAbsolutePath();

        //Check if PDF files exists
        if (downloadedFile1.exists() && downloadedFile2.exists()) {

            // Merge the PDF files
            mergePDFFiles(pdf1Path, pdf2Path, downloadFilepath + "/Merged_PDF.pdf");

            // Print success message
            System.out.println("PDF files merged successfully.");

            // Delete old PDFs
            deleteOldPDFFiles(downloadedFile1, downloadedFile2);

            // Print success message
            System.out.println("Old PDF files are deleted successfully.");
        } else {
            System.out.println("One or both of the PDF files are missing.");
        }

        // Close the browser
        driver.quit();

    }

    public static void mergePDFFiles(String pdf1Path, String pdf2Path, String mergedPdfPath) throws IOException {
        PDFMergerUtility pdfMerger = new PDFMergerUtility();

        pdfMerger.addSource(new File(pdf1Path));
        pdfMerger.addSource(new File(pdf2Path));
        pdfMerger.setDestinationFileName(mergedPdfPath);

        // Merge PDFs
        pdfMerger.mergeDocuments(null);

    }

    public static void deleteOldPDFFiles(File... files) {
        for (File file : files) {
            if (file.exists()) {
                if (file.delete()) {
                    System.out.println(file.getName() + " was deleted successfully.");
                } else {
                    System.out.println("Failed to delete " + file.getName() + ".");
                }
            }
        }
    }

}

The output of the above program is

We can see that the merged pdf is placed in the merge_downloads folder.

Congratulations on making it through this tutorial and hope you found it useful! Happy Learning!!