Author: vibssingh

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SQL Multiple Choice Answers – MCQ3

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Welcome to the SQL Quiz!

SQL Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ3

Answers

1) d) We can insert and delete rows in a view

2) d) Order By

Order By clause is used to sort the retrieved data in ascending or descending order. Group By clause is used to group the result-set by one or more columns. Order and Group are not valid SQL commands.

3) a) True

NULL signifies an unknown value or a value which doesn’t exist during the creation of the record.

4) c) Drop

5) a) <>

6) c) Select top

7) d) Limit

All database systems does not supports SELECT TOP clause. It can be used in SQL. Mysql supports the LIMIT clause to fetch a limited number of records from the database table.

8) d) All correct

9) b) Selects a record if both conditions are true

10) b) Adds a value to a column’s existing value

11) a) True

12) d) No syntax error

13) d) No error

14) a) XOR operator

SQL does not have an XOR logical operator. Use AND/OR instead.

15) d) All Correct

The compound operator ‘*=’ is correctly used to double the salary of specified employees.

16) a) It functions as a WHERE clause

Without GROUP BY, HAVING functions like a WHERE clause, filtering rows based on specified conditions.

17) a) The query fails

Using a column in SELECT that is not part of GROUP BY without an aggregate function causes the query to fail.

18) c) GROUP BY Salary

GROUP BY should be used with the column mentioned in SELECT, here it should be GROUP BY Department.

19) d) HAVING AverageSalary > 50000

HAVING should be used with an aggregate function directly, not with an alias.

20) a) SELECT Name

Name should be included in the GROUP BY clause or used within an aggregate function.

21) d) No Error

The query correctly groups by Department and uses HAVING to filter groups.

22) d) All Correct

ORDER BY 3 is correct, indicating ordering by the third column in the SELECT list.

23) c) WHERE MAX(Salary) > 50000

Aggregate functions such as MAX should be used in the HAVING clause when filtering groups created by the GROUP BY clause.

24) c) No error

The query correctly uses HAVING with ALL to compare counts across departments.

25) c) HAVING clause misuse

The original statement had an error in the HAVING clause. It incorrectly used the alias ‘TotalEmployees’. The correct HAVING clause should be “HAVING COUNT(*) > 5”.

vibssingh

SQL Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ3

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Welcome to the SQL Quiz! This blog post features 25 multiple-choice questions that explore essential concepts of SQL.

1. Which of the following statement is true about views in SQL?

Select the best answer

a) We can delete but not insert rows in a view
b) We cannot insert and delete rows in a view
c) We can insert but not delete rows in a view
d) We can insert and delete rows in a view

Answer

2. Which SQL keyword is used to sort the data returned by a SELECT statement?

Choose one option

a) Group
b) Order
c) Group By
d) Order By

Answer

3. NULL value is different from a zero value.

Choose one option

a) True
b) False

Answer

4. WHERE clause cannot be used with _

Choose one option

a) Select
b) Delete
c) Drop
d) Update

Answer

5. Which operator in the where clause signifies “Not Equal”?

a) <>
b)
c) <_>
d) <->

Answer

6. Which clause is used in SQL to fetch limited number of records from a table?

Choose one option

a) Select
b) Select limit
c) Select top
d) Top

Answer

7. Mysql supports which of the following clause to select a limited number of rows from a table?

a) Select
b) Select top
c) Top
d) Limit

Answer

8. What is missing in

ALTER TABLE Employees ADD CHECK (Age >= 18);

Choose one option

a) ALTER TABLE
b) ADD CHECK
c) (Age >= 18)
d) All Correct

Answer

9. In SQL, what does the logical operator AND do when used in a WHERE clause?

Choose one option

a) Selects a record if either condition is true
b) Selects a record if both conditions are true
c) Negates a condition
d) None of the above

Answer

10. In SQL, how does the compound operator ‘+=’ function?

Choose one option

a) Adds two values
b) Adds a value to a column’s existing value
c) Subtracts one value from another
d) Concatenates strings

Answer

11. The NOT NULL constraint enforces a) column to not accept NULL values.

Choose one option

a) True
b) False

Answer

12.  Correct the syntax error in

UPDATE Products SET Price = Price * 1.1 WHERE Price < 100 OR Price > 200;

Choose one option

a) * 1.1
b) WHERE
c) OR
d) No syntax error

Answer

13. Identify the error

SELECT Name FROM Employees WHERE NOT (Age < 30 AND Department = 'Sales');

Choose one option

a) NOT operator
b) < 30
c) AND
d) No error

Answer

14. Identify the mistake in

SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE Department = 'HR' XOR Department = 'Finance';

Choose one option

a) XOR operator
b) = ‘HR’
c) = ‘Finance’
d) No mistake, the statement is correct

Answer

15. What needs to be changed in

UPDATE Employees SET Salary *= 2 WHERE YearsOfExperience > 5;

Choose one option

a) *= 2
b) WHERE
c) YearsOfExperience > 5
d) All Correct

Answer

16. In an SQL query, what role does HAVING play without a GROUP BY clause?

Choose one option

a) It functions as a WHERE clause
b) It has no effect
c) It causes an error
d) It filters aggregated results

Answer

17. What happens if you use a column in the SELECT statement that is not in the GROUP BY clause?

Choose one option

a) The query fails
b) The query succeeds, and the column shows arbitrary values
c) The query is automatically corrected
d) The column is ignored

Answer

18. Identify the error in

SELECT Department, COUNT(*) FROM Employees GROUP BY Salary;

Choose one option

a) SELECT Department
b) COUNT(*)
c) GROUP BY Salary
d) No error

Answer

 19. What needs to be corrected in

SELECT AVG(Salary) AS AverageSalary FROM Employees HAVING AverageSalary > 50000;

Choose one option

a) SELECT AVG(Salary)
b) AS AverageSalary
c) FROM Employees
d) HAVING AverageSalary > 50000

Answer

20. Correct the syntax error in

SELECT Name, Department, COUNT(*) FROM Employees WHERE Department = 'Sales' GROUP BY Department;

Choose one option

a) SELECT Name
b) Department
c) COUNT(*)
d) WHERE Department = ‘Sales’

Answer

21. Identify the error

SELECT Department, SUM(Salary) FROM Employees GROUP BY Department HAVING COUNT(*) > 5;

Choose one option

a) SELECT Department
b) SUM(Salary)
c) GROUP BY Department
d) No Error

Answer

22. What is incorrect in

SELECT * FROM Employees ORDER BY 3;

Choose one option

a) SELECT *
b) FROM Employees
c) ORDER BY 3
d) All Correct

Answer

23. Identify the mistake in

SELECT Department, MAX(Salary) FROM Employees WHERE MAX(Salary) > 50000 GROUP BY Department;

Choose one option

a) SELECT Department
b) MAX(Salary)
c) HERE MAX(Salary) > 50000
d) GROUP BY Department

Answer

24. What needs correction?

SELECT Department, COUNT(EmployeeID) FROM Employees GROUP BY Department HAVING COUNT(EmployeeID) > ALL (SELECT COUNT(EmployeeID) FROM Employees GROUP BY Department);

Choose one option

a) ALL operator
b) COUNT(EmployeeID)
c) No error
d) subquery

Answer

25. What is wrong in

SELECT Department, COUNT(*) AS TotalEmployees FROM Employees GROUP BY Department HAVING TotalEmployees > 5 ORDER BY TotalEmployees;

Choose one option

a) SELECT Department
b) COUNT(*) AS TotalEmployees
c) HAVING clause misuse
d) ORDER BY TotalEmployees

Answer

====================================================================

Additional MCQ for SQL

SQL Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ2
SQL Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ3 

vibssingh

How to Implement Basic Auth in Robot Framework

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In this article, we will discuss how to perform Basic Auth with base64. We will focus on its implementation in Robot Framework. 

What is Basic Auth?

Basic Authentication (Basic Auth) is a simple authentication scheme built into the HTTP protocol. It is used to securely transmit user credentials (username and password) to authenticate to an API or a web service.

Below is an example of authentication in Postman.

Table of Contents

  1. Prerequisite
  2. What is RequestLibrary?
  3. Implementation Steps
    1. Create a new project
    2. Install RequestLibrary
    3. Add robotframework-requests package to the PyCharms
    4. Create a new directory in the new project
    5. Create API tests in Robot Framework
      1. Variables Section
      2. Keywords Section
      3. Test Case Section
    6. Execute the tests
    7. View Report and Log
      1. Report
      2. Log

Prerequisite:

  1. Install Python
  2. Install PIP
  3. Install Robot Framework
  4. Install Robot framework Selenium Library
  5. Install PyCharm IDE

Please refer to this tutorial to install Robot Framework – How to install and setup Robot Framework for Python.

What is RequestLibrary?

RequestLibrary is a Robot Framework library aimed to provide HTTP API testing functionalities by wrapping the well-known Python Requests Library.

Implementation Steps:

Step 1 – Create a new project

Step 1.1 – Open PyCharm and create a new project. Go to File and select New Project from the main menu.

Step 1.2 – Choose the project location. Click the “Browse” button next to the Location field and specify the directory for your project.

Deselect the Create a main.py welcome script checkbox because you will create a new Python file for this tutorial.

Click on the “Create” Button.

Step 1.3 – A new dialog appears asking to open the project using any one of the given options. I have selected New Window as I like to have separate windows for each project.

Below is the image of the new project created in PyCharms.

Step 2 – Install RequestLibrary

To install RequestLibrary, you need to use the below command:

pip install robotframework-requests

Step 3 – Add robotframework-requests package to the PyCharms

Go to File->Settings ->Project:API_RobotFramework ->Python Interpreter.

Click on the “+” sign and enter robotframework-requests in the search bar. It will show a list of packages. Select the “robotframework-requests” package and click on the “Install Package”.

Once the package is installed, we will see the message that the package is installed successfully.

Once the package is installed, it can be seen under the package list as shown below:

Step 4 – Create a new directory in the new project

Right-Click on the project, select New->Directory, and provide the name as Tests

Below is the image of the new directory.

Right-click on the new directory and select New File and provide the name as AuthTokenDemo.robot as shown below:

Step 5 – Create API tests in Robot Framework

The API Test in Robot Framework.

*** Settings ***
Library           RequestsLibrary
Library           Collections
Library           BuiltIn

*** Variables ***
${BASE_URL}       https://httpbin.org/basic-auth/user/pass
${USERNAME}       user
${PASSWORD}       pass
#${HEADERS}        Create Dictionary    Content-Type=application/json

**** Keywords ***
Create Basic Auth Header

    # Concatenate the username and password in "user:pass" format
    ${credentials}=    Set Variable    ${username}:${password}
    Log To Console    Credentials: ${credentials}

    # Encode the credentials using base64 encoding
    ${encoded}=    Evaluate    str(base64.b64encode('${credentials}'.encode('utf-8')), 'utf-8')    modules=base64
    Log To Console    Encoded Credentials: ${encoded}

    # Create a headers dictionary and add the Authorization header
    ${headers}=    Create Dictionary    Content-Type=application/json
    Set To Dictionary    ${headers}    Authorization=Basic ${encoded}
    RETURN    ${headers}

**** Test Cases ***
Test Preemptive Basic Auth with Custom Header
    [Documentation]   Manually setting Authorization header for preemptive Basic Authentication

    ${headers}=    Create Basic Auth Header

    Create Session    api    ${BASE_URL}    headers=${headers}
    ${response}=      GET On Session    api    url=${BASE_URL}
    Log To Console    Status Code: ${response.status_code}
    Log To Console    Response Body: ${response.text}
    Should Be Equal As Numbers    ${response.status_code}    200

Variables Section

${BASE_URL}: The base URL for the HTTP request.
${USERNAME} and ${PASSWORD}: Credentials for Basic Authentication.

Keywords Section

This custom keyword creates an HTTP header with Basic Authentication.

1. This concatenates the username and password into the format "user:pass".

${credentials}=    Set Variable    ${username}:${password}
Log To Console    Credentials: ${credentials}

2. Converts the string “user:pass” into a base64-encoded format. This is required for the Authorization header in Basic Authentication.

${encoded}=    Evaluate    str(base64.b64encode('${credentials}'.encode('utf-8')), 'utf-8')    modules=base64
Log To Console    Encoded Credentials: ${encoded}

3. Create Headers Dictionary

Create Dictionary: Initializes a dictionary with a key-value pair for Content-Type.
Set To Dictionary: Adds the Authorization header with the value Basic .
RETURN: Returns the dictionary to the calling test case.

${headers}=    Create Dictionary    Content-Type=application/json
Set To Dictionary    ${headers}    Authorization=Basic ${encoded}
RETURN    ${headers}

Test Case Section:

This test case uses the Create Basic Auth Header keyword to perform an authenticated GET request.

1. Calls the Create Basic Auth Header keyword to get a dictionary containing the HTTP headers for the request.

${headers}=    Create Basic Auth Header

2. Initializes an HTTP session named “api” with the specified base URL and headers. The headers contain Authorization for Basic Authentication.

Create Session    api    ${BASE_URL}    headers=${headers}

3. Sends a GET request on the “api” session to the specified URL. This request uses the headers created earlier, which include Basic Authentication.

${response}=    GET On Session    api    url=${BASE_URL}

${response}= We are saving the response of the GET operation in the ${response} variable.

4. Asserts that the response status code is 200, indicating a successful request.

 Log To Console    Status Code: ${response.status_code}
Log To Console    Response Body: ${response.text}
Should Be Equal As Numbers    ${response.status_code}    200

Step 6 – Execute the tests

We need the below command to run the Robot Framework script.

robot BasicAuthDemo.robot

The output of the above program is

Step 7 – View Report and Log

We have the test case passed. The Robot Framework generates log.html, output.xml, and report.html by default.

Let us now see the report and log details.

Report

Right-click on report.html. Select Open In->Browser->Chrome(any browser of your wish).

The Report generated by the framework is shown below:

Log

Robot Framework has multiple log levels that control what is shown in the automatically generated log file. The default Robot Framework log level is INFO.

Right-click on log.html. Select Open In->Browser->Chrome(any browser of your wish).

That’s it! Congratulations on making it through this tutorial and hope you found it useful! Happy Learning!!

Additional Tutorials

How to Install Python on Windows 11
How to install and setup Robot Framework for Python
How to rerun failed tests in Robot Framework
Page Object Model in the Robot Framework
Parallel Testing in Robot Framework
How to load data from CSV files in the Robot Framework?
vibssingh

Jenkins Multiple Choice Answers – MCQ1

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Welcome to the Jenkins Quiz!

Jenkins Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ1

Answers

1) B) A continuous integration/continuous delivery (CI/CD) tool

2) C) Java

3) C) Automating parts of the software development process

4) B) java -jar jenkins.war

5) D) Jenkins Client

Jenkins Client is not a core component of Jenkins. The core components of Jenkins include Jenkins Master, Jenkins Slave, and Jenkins Node.

6) B) A unit of work that Jenkins executes

7) C) Source Code Management

8) D) All of the above

9) B) A piece of software that provides additional functionality to Jenkins

A Jenkins plugin is a piece of software that provides additional functionality to Jenkins. There are thousands of plugins available for Jenkins, including plugins for source control, build tools, and notification systems.

10) C) Manage Plugins under Manage Jenkins

11) B) A tool used to manage the installation of plugins in Jenkins

The Jenkins Plugin Manager is a tool used to manage the installation of plugins in Jenkins. It allows users to search for and install new plugins, update existing plugins, and configure plugin settings.

12) C) Access “Manage Plugins” in Jenkins and install from the available plugins list

13) D) All of the above

14) C) To define tools like JDK, Maven, and Git that are available to Jenkins jobs

15) D) To manage security settings for Jenkins

The Jenkins Security Plugin is used to manage security settings for Jenkins. It allows users to define users, groups, and permissions for accessing Jenkins resources, ensuring that only authorized users can perform actions in Jenkins.

16) D) To create backups of Jenkins configurations and jobs

The Jenkins Backup Plugin is used to create backups of Jenkins configurations and jobs. It allows users to easily restore a Jenkins server in the event of a failure or to migrate to a new server.

17) B) To enable Jenkins to communicate with external systems

The Jenkins Notification Plugins are used to enable Jenkins to communicate with external systems. They allow users to send notifications, such as build results or deployment status, to other systems, such as chat services or email.

18) A) An interface used to interact with Jenkins via HTTP requests

The Jenkins REST API is an interface used to interact with Jenkins via HTTP requests. It allows users to perform common tasks, such as triggering builds or retrieving build results, using simple HTTP calls.

19) A) A command-line interface used to interact with a Jenkins server

The Jenkins CLI is a command-line interface used to interact with a Jenkins server. It allows users to perform common tasks, such as creating jobs or triggering builds, from the command line.

20) C) Docker Pipeline Plugin

21) B) Manage Plugins > Updates tab

22) D) All of the above

23) C) Global Tool Configuration

24) D) All of the above

25) B) Manage Jenkins > Global Tool Configuration

vibssingh

Jenkins Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ1

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Welcome to the Jenkins Quiz! This blog post features 25 multiple-choice questions that explore essential concepts of Jenkins.

1. What is Jenkins?

Select the best answer

A) A database management tool
B) A continuous integration/continuous delivery (CI/CD) tool
C) A programming language
D) An integrated development environment (IDE)

Answer

2. Which programming language is Jenkins written in?

Choose one option

A) Python
B) C#
C) Java
D) Ruby

Answer

3. Jenkins is primarily used for which of the following purposes?

Choose one option

A) Code debugging
B) Managing cloud infrastructure
C) Automating parts of the software development process
D) Version control

Answer

4. Which of the following commands is used to start Jenkins on a local machine?

Choose one option

A) jenkins -start
B) java -jar jenkins.war
C) python start jenkins.py
D) jenkins start server

Answer

5. Which of the following is not a core component of Jenkins?

A) Jenkins Master
B) Jenkins Slave
C) Jenkins Node
D) Jenkins Client

Answer

6. In Jenkins, what is a “job”?

Choose one option

A) A process to install plugins
B) A unit of work that Jenkins executes
C) A repository of version-controlled code
D) A test automation tool

Answer

7. What does SCM stand for in Jenkins?

A) Server Configuration Management
B) Software Configuration Monitoring
C) Source Code Management
D) Secure Content Management

Answer

8. Jenkins can be integrated with which of the following version control systems?

Choose one option

A) Git
B) Subversion (SVN)
C) Mercurial
D) All of the above

Answer

9. What is a Jenkins plugin?

Choose one option

A) A set of scripts that automate the building of software
B) A piece of software that provides additional functionality to Jenkins
C) A configuration file that defines the build process in Jenkins
D) A report generated by Jenkins after a build is complete

Answer

10. Where can you manage plugins in Jenkins?

Choose one option

A) Jenkins CLI
B) Global Tool Configuration
C) Manage Plugins under Manage Jenkins
D) Jenkins Dashboard Home Page

Answer

11. What is the Jenkins Plugin Manager?

Choose one option

A) A feature that allows users to configure global settings in Jenkins
B) A tool used to manage the installation of plugins in Jenkins
C) A tool used to manage the installation of software on Jenkins nodes
D) A tool used to manage the distribution of work to Jenkins slaves

Answer

12.  How can you install a new plugin in Jenkins?

Choose one option

A) Manually download the plugin file and move it to the Jenkins installation directory
B) Use the “Install Plugin” option in Global Tool Configuration
C) Access “Manage Plugins” in Jenkins and install from the available plugins list
D) Jenkins does not support plugin installations

Answer

13. Which of the following plugins allows integration between Jenkins and Git?

Choose one option

A) Git Plugin
B) GitHub API Plugin
C) GitLab Plugin
D) All of the above

Answer

14. What is the purpose of the “Global Tool Configuration” in Jenkins?

Choose one option

A) To configure global security settings
B) To manage system logs
C) To define tools like JDK, Maven, and Git that are available to Jenkins jobs
D) To configure job-level parameters

Answer

15. What is the purpose of the Jenkins Security Plugin?

Choose one option

A) To manage the installation of plugins in Jenkins
B) To manage the distribution of work to Jenkins slaves
C) To enable Jenkins to communicate with external systems
D) To manage security settings for Jenkins

Answer

16. What is the purpose of the Jenkins Backup Plugin?

Choose one option

A) To manage the installation of plugins in Jenkins
B) To manage the distribution of work to Jenkins slaves
C) To enable Jenkins to communicate with external systems
D) To create backups of Jenkins configurations and jobs

Answer

17. What is the purpose of the Jenkins Notification Plugins?

Choose one option

A) To manage the installation of plugins in Jenkins
B) To enable Jenkins to communicate with external systems
C) To define Jenkins jobs in code
D) To extend the functionality of Jenkins

Answer

18. What is the Jenkins REST API?

Choose one option

A) An interface used to interact with Jenkins via HTTP requests
B) A tool used to manage the installation of software on Jenkins nodes
C) A tool used to manage the distribution of work to Jenkins slaves
D) A graphical user interface used to interact with a Jenkins server

Answer

 19. What is the Jenkins CLI?

Choose one option

A) A command-line interface used to interact with a Jenkins server
B) A graphical user interface used to interact with a Jenkins server
C) A tool used to manage the installation of software on Jenkins nodes
D) A tool used to manage the distribution of work to Jenkins slaves

Answer

20. Which plugin would you use for integrating Jenkins with Docker?

Choose one option

A) Docker Plugin
B) Kubernetes Plugin
C) Docker Pipeline Plugin
D) Docker Hub Plugin

Answer

21. Where would you go to install updates for Jenkins plugins?

Choose one option

A) Jenkins CLI
B) Manage Plugins > Updates tab
C) Global Tool Configuration > Updates
D) Jenkinsfile configuration

Answer

22. Which of the following plugins provides support for building and testing Java projects in Jenkins?

Choose one option

A) Ant Plugin
B) Maven Plugin
C) JUnit Plugin
D) All of the above

Answer

23. If you want to use different versions of the JDK in your Jenkins jobs, where would you configure these?

Choose one option

A) Job-level configuration
B) Manage Plugins section
C) Global Tool Configuration
D) Configure System settings

Answer

24. Which of the following plugins is essential for generating test reports in Jenkins?

Choose one option

A) TestNG Plugin
B) JUnit Plugin
C) Performance Plugin
D) All of the above

Answer

25. Jenkins supports multiple tool configurations such as JDK and Maven under which of the following sections?

Choose one option

A) Jenkins Job Configuration
B) Manage Jenkins > Global Tool Configuration
C) Build Triggers
D) Configure Security

Answer

====================================================================

vibssingh

How to Merge Robot Framework Test Reports

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In this tutorial, we will discuss the steps to combine the test reports in a single test report in the Robot Framework.

Table Of Contents

  1. Prerequisite
  2. Implementation Steps
    1. Create a new project
    2. Create 3 new directories in the new project
    3. Download ChromeBinaries and place in Drivers directory
    4. Create Test Files
    5. Create Resources file for each page
    6. Execute the tests
    7. View Screenshots of the failed tests
    8. View Report and Log

Prerequisite:

  1. Install Python
  2. Install PIP
  3. Install Robot Framework
  4. Install Robot framework Selenium Library
  5. Install PyCharm IDE

Please refer to this tutorial to install Robot Framework – How to install and setup Robot Framework for Python.

Implementation Steps

Step 1 – Create a new project

Step 1.1 – Open PyCharm and create a new project. Go to File and select New Project from the main menu.

Step 1.2 – Choose the project location. Click the “Browse” button next to the Location field and specify the directory for your project.

Deselect the Create a main.py welcome script checkbox because you will create a new Python file for this tutorial.

Click on the “Create” Button.

Step 1.3 – A new dialog appears asking to open the project using any one of the given options. I have selected New Window as I like to have separate windows for each project.

Below is the image of the new project created in PyCharms.

Step 2 – Create 3 new directories in the new project

Right-Click on the project, select New->Directory, and provide the name as Tests, Drivers, and Resources

Below is the image of the new directories.

Step 3 – Download ChromeBinaries, Geckodriver and msedgedriver binaries

Download ChromeBinaries, Geckodriver and msedgedriver binaries and place in Drivers directory. This directory contains the browser binary in it. As we are using Chrome, will keep chromedriver.exe here.

The tests are going to use the Chrome browser, Firefox and Edge browsers, so we need to download the corresponding driver binaries to open a blank browser.

https://chromedriver.chromium.org/

Releases · mozilla/geckodriver

Microsoft Edge WebDriver | Microsoft Edge Developer

I will rename chromedriver.exe to Chrome, msedgedriver.exe to Edge and geckodriver.exe to Firefox.

Step 4 – Create Test Files

This directory contains multiple test case files consisting of test steps. 

Right-click on the new directory and select New File and provide the name as LoginPageTests.robot as shown below:

Below is the code for LoginPageTests.robot

*** Settings ***
Documentation       Tests to login to Login Page
Library     SeleniumLibrary
Test Setup      Open the Browser with URL
Test Teardown   Close Browser Session
Resource       ../Resources/GenericResources.robot
Resource       ../Resources/LoginResources.robot

*** Test Cases ***

Validate Unsuccessful Login using invalid credentials

    LoginResources.Fill the login form     ${valid_username}       ${invalid_password}
    LoginResources.Verify the error message is correct


Validate successful Login

    LoginResources.Fill the login form     ${valid_username}       ${valid_password}
    DashboardResources.Verify Dashboard page opens

Settings

Documentation: Allows to add the description about the Login Test page.
Library: Import SeleniumLibrary for browser interactions.
Test Setup: Open the Browser with URL keyword to setup the browser before each test
Test Teardown: Capture Screenshot On Failure keyword to capture screenshots if the test fails
Suite Teardown: Close Browser Session keyword close all the browsers at the end of the test suite.
Resource: Provide the path of the resource file that contains the reusable keywords, variables and other settings.

Step 5 – Create Resources file for each page

It maintains the files which contain page elements as well as corresponding keywords. 

Right-click on the new directory and select New File and provide the name as LoginResources.robot, DashboardResources.robot and GenericResources.robot as shown below:

GenericResources.robot contains the keywords that are common to all the tests, like the opening of the browser or closing of the browser.

*** Settings ***
Documentation    A resource file with reusable keywords and variables.
Library     SeleniumLibrary

*** Variables ***
${valid_username}     Admin
${valid_password}       admin123
${invalid_username}     1234
${invalid_password}     45678
${url}        https://opensource-demo.orangehrmlive.com/web/index.php/auth/login
${browser}      Chrome   #Default browser, if no browser provided


*** Keywords ***

Open the Browser with URL
    Open Browser   ${url}    ${browser}   executable_path=C:/Users/vibha/Documents/Automation/Python/CrossBrowser_RobotFramework/Drivers/${browser}
    Maximize Browser Window
    Set Selenium Implicit Wait    5

Close Browser Session
    Close Browser

Variables used in GenericResources.robot

${valid_username}, ${valid_password}, ${invalid_username}, ${invalid_password}: Assign values
${url}: The URL to navigate to
${browser_name}: Browser will be used to run the tests

Below is the code for LoginResources.robot

*** Settings ***
Documentation        All the page objects and keywords of landing page
Library     SeleniumLibrary

*** Variables ***
${login_error_message}      css:.oxd-alert-content--error
${dashboard_title}       css:.oxd-topbar-header-breadcrumb-module
${missing_username_error_message}    xpath://*[@class='oxd-form']/div[1]/div/span
${missing_password_error_message}   xpath://*[@class='oxd-form']/div[2]/div/span
${forgot_password_link}   xpath://div[@class='orangehrm-login-forgot']/p

*** Keywords ***

Fill the login form
    [Arguments]    ${username}      ${password}
   Input Text    css:input[name=username]   ${username}
   Input Password    css:input[name=password]   ${password}
   Click Button    css:.orangehrm-login-button


Verify the error message is correct
    Element Text Should Be    ${login_error_message}    Invalid credentials

Below is the code for DashboardResources.robot

*** Settings ***
Documentation        All the page objects and keywords of Dashboard page
Library     SeleniumLibrary

*** Variables ***
${dashboard_title}       css:.oxd-topbar-header-breadcrumb-module

*** Keywords ***

Verify Dashboard page opens
    Element Text Should Be    ${dashboard_title}      Dashboard

All the below-mentioned keywords are derived from SeleniumLibrary. The functionality of keywords mentioned above:

1. Open Browser − The keyword opens a new browser instance to the optional url.

2. Maximize Browser Window – This keyword maximizes the current browser window.

3. Set Selenium Implicit Wait – This keyword sets the implicit wait value used by Selenium.

4. Close Browser – Close the current browser.

5. Input Text − This keyword is used to type the given text in the specified textbox identified by the locator name:username.

6. Input Password – This keyword is used to type the given text in the specified password identified by the locator name:password.

The difference compared to Input Text is that this keyword does not log the given password on the INFO level.

7. Click button – This keyword is used to click the button identified by the locator. In this case, it is “Login” button.

8. Element Text Should Be – This keyword is used to verify that the current page contains the exact text identified by the locator. Here, we are checking the exact text “Invalid Credentials”.

These keywords are present in SeleniumLibrary. To know more about these keywords, please refer to this document – https://robotframework.org/SeleniumLibrary/SeleniumLibrary.html.

To run this script, go to the command line and go to directory tests.

Step 6 – Execute the tests

Run your tests separately for each browser (e.g., Chrome, Firefox, Edge), generating an individual output XML file for each. For example, use the below command to run the tests using the Chrome browser:

robot --variable browser:Chrome --output output_chrome.xml .

The output of the above program is

Similarly, use the below commands to run the tests using the firefox and edge browsers

robot --variable browser:Firefox --output output_firefox.xml .
robot --variable browser:Edge --output output_edge.xml .

This will create separate output_chrome.xml, output_firefox.xml, and output_edge.xml files.

Step 7 – Combine Reports with Rebot

Use rebot to combine the output XML files into a single, consolidated report. Here’s the command:

rebot --outputdir Report --report Consolidated_Report.html output_chrome.xml output_edge.xml output_firefox.xml

In this example:

1. –outputdir Report specifies the directory where the consolidated report will be saved.

    2. –report “Consolidated Report.html” sets the name of the report of the Consolidated Report.

    3. The list of XML files (output_chrome.xml, output_edge, output_firefox) are the individual report files that will be merged.

    Step 8 – View Report and Log

    We have total 6 test cases passed (2 test case for each browser).

    Let us now see the report and log details.

    Report

    Right-click on report.html. Select Open In->Browser->Chrome(any browser of your wish).

    The Report generated by the framework is shown below:

    Log

    The screenshots will be included in the log.html file under the specific failed test case step. Robot Framework has multiple log levels that control what is shown in the automatically generated log file. The default Robot Framework log level is INFO.

    Right-click on log.html. Select Open In->Browser->Chrome(any browser of your wish).

    That’s it! Congratulations on making it through this tutorial and hope you found it useful! Happy Learning!!

    Additional Tutorials

    How to Install Python on Windows 11
    How to install and setup Robot Framework for Python
    How to rerun failed tests in Robot Framework
    How to implement tagging in Robot Framework
     How to set variable values from Runtime command in Robot Framework
    How to load data from CSV files in the Robot Framework?
    vibssingh

    How to rerun failed tests twice in Cucumber

    HOME

    The previous tutorial explained the How to rerun failed tests in Cucumber. There are multiple times that we need to rerun the failed tests twice to overcome the intermittent network or environment issues. This can be achieved by creating multiple TestRunner class.

    Table of Contents

    1. Set Up a Runner for First Run of Tests
    2. Set Up a Runner for running the failed tests first time
    3. Set Up a Runner for running the failed tests second time
    4. Mention all the Test Runner details in the testng.xml
    5. Add cucumber-reporting Plugin to pom.xml
    6. Run the tests and Generate the Report

    Set Up a Runner for First Run of Tests

    In the main test runner, configure Cucumber to generate a JSON report for the initial test run and capture any failed tests in a rerun file. We are using rerun plugin to logs the paths of failed scenarios in a text file – rerun.txt that will be created inside the target folder.

    import io.cucumber.testng.AbstractTestNGCucumberTests;
import io.cucumber.testng.CucumberOptions;

@CucumberOptions(features = "src/test/resources/features/LoginPage.feature",
        glue = "com.example.definitions",
        plugin = {
                "pretty",
                "html:target/cucumber-reports/cucumber-report.html",
                "json:target/cucumber-reports/cucumber-report.json",
                "rerun:target/rerun.txt" // Saves paths of failed scenarios
        }
)
public class RunnerTests extends AbstractTestNGCucumberTests {
}

    Set Up a Runner for running the failed tests first time

    Create a second runner that reads from the rerun.txt file and generates a new rerun1.txt file that contains the path of failed tests and create a separate JSON report for failed test reruns.

    import io.cucumber.testng.AbstractTestNGCucumberTests;
import io.cucumber.testng.CucumberOptions;

@CucumberOptions(tags = "",
        features = "@target/rerun.txt",
        glue = "com.example.definitions",
        plugin =  {
                "pretty",
                "html:target/cucumber-reports/cucumber-rerun1-report.html",
                "json:target/cucumber-reports/cucumber-rerun1-report.json",
                "rerun:target/rerun1.txt"
        }
)

public class RunnerTestsFailed extends AbstractTestNGCucumberTests {
}

    Set Up a Runner for running the failed tests second time

    Create a third runner that reads from the rerun1.txt file and generates a separate JSON report for failed test reruns.

    import io.cucumber.testng.AbstractTestNGCucumberTests;
import io.cucumber.testng.CucumberOptions;

@CucumberOptions(tags = "",
        features = "@target/rerun1.txt",
        glue = "com.example.definitions",
        plugin =  {
                "pretty",
                "html:target/cucumber-reports/cucumber-rerun2-report.html",
                "json:target/cucumber-reports/cucumber-rerun2-report.json"
        }
)

public class RunnerTestsSecondFailed extends AbstractTestNGCucumberTests {
}

    Mention all the Test Runner details in the testng.xml

    We need to mention all the TestRunner class name in the testng.xml. This will run first runner that will generate a file rerun.txt which in turns contain the path of the failed scenarios. Then, second runner will use this new file rerun.txt as input to the feature file and rerun the failed tests and generate second file – rerun1.txt which is used as input to the third Test Runner file. 

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE suite SYSTEM "https://testng.org/testng-1.0.dtd">
<suite name="Suite">
    <test  name="Cucumber with TestNG Test">
        <classes>
            <class name="com.example.runner.RunnerTests"/>
            <class name="com.example.runner.RunnerTestsFailed"/>
            <class name="com.example.runner.RunnerTestsSecondFailed"/>
        </classes>
    </test> <!-- Test -->
</suite> <!-- Suite -->

    Add cucumber-reporting Plugin to pom.xml

    Use the cucumber-reporting plugin by Masterthought to combine the JSON files into a single report. Configure the plugin in your pom.xml to read both the main and rerun JSON files.

    <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

  <groupId>com.example</groupId>
  <artifactId>POM_Cucumber_TestNG_Demo</artifactId>
  <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
  <packaging>jar</packaging>

  <name>POM_Cucumber_TestNG_Demo</name>
  <url>http://maven.apache.org</url>

  <properties>
    <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
    <cucumber.version>7.18.1</cucumber.version>
    <selenium.version>4.25.0</selenium.version>
    <testng.version>7.10.2</testng.version>
    <apache.common.version>2.4</apache.common.version>
    <maven.compiler.plugin.version>3.13.0</maven.compiler.plugin.version>
    <maven.surefire.plugin.version>3.3.1</maven.surefire.plugin.version>
    <maven.compiler.source.version>17</maven.compiler.source.version>
    <maven.compiler.target.version>17</maven.compiler.target.version>
    <maven.cucumber.reporting.version>5.8.2</maven.cucumber.reporting.version>
  </properties>

  <dependencies>

    <dependency>
      <groupId>io.cucumber</groupId>
      <artifactId>cucumber-java</artifactId>
      <version>${cucumber.version}</version>
    </dependency>

    <dependency>
      <groupId>io.cucumber</groupId>
      <artifactId>cucumber-testng</artifactId>
      <version>${cucumber.version}</version>
      <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>

    <!-- Selenium -->
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
      <artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
      <version>${selenium.version}</version>
    </dependency>

    <!-- TestNG -->
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.testng</groupId>
      <artifactId>testng</artifactId>
      <version>${testng.version}</version>
      <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>

    <!-- Cucumber Reporting -->
    <dependency>
      <groupId>net.masterthought</groupId>
      <artifactId>cucumber-reporting</artifactId>
      <version>${maven.cucumber.reporting.version}</version>
    </dependency>

  </dependencies>

  <build>
    <plugins>
      <plugin>
        <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
        <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
        <version>${maven.compiler.plugin.version}</version>
        <configuration>
          <source>${maven.compiler.source.version}</source>
          <target>${maven.compiler.target.version}</target>
        </configuration>
      </plugin>
      
        <plugin>
        <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
        <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
        <version>${maven.surefire.plugin.version}</version>
        <configuration>
          <testFailureIgnore>true</testFailureIgnore>
          <suiteXmlFiles>
            <suiteXmlFile>testng.xml</suiteXmlFile>
          </suiteXmlFiles>
        </configuration>
      </plugin>

      <plugin>
        <groupId>net.masterthought</groupId>
        <artifactId>maven-cucumber-reporting</artifactId>
        <version>${maven.cucumber.reporting.version}</version>

        <executions>
          <execution>
            <id>generate-cucumber-report</id>
            <phase>verify</phase>
            <goals>
              <goal>generate</goal>
            </goals>
            <configuration>
              <projectName>Cucumber Reporting Example</projectName>
              <outputDirectory>target/cucumber-html-reports</outputDirectory>
              <inputDirectory>target</inputDirectory>
              <jsonFiles>
                <!-- Include both main and rerun JSON reports -->
                <param>target/cucumber-reports/cucumber-report.json</param>
                <param>target/cucumber-reports/cucumber-rerun-report.json</param>
                <param>**/*.json</param>
              </jsonFiles>
            </configuration>
          </execution>
        </executions>
      </plugin>

    </plugins>
  </build>
</project>

    Run the tests and Generate the Report

    Use the below command to run the tests and generate the consolidated Test Report.

    mvn clean verify

    RunnerTests class generates cucumber-report.json file whereas RunnerTestsFailed generates cucumber-rerun-report.json files are present in target/cucumber-reports folder.

    MasterThought plugin uses these json files to generate a consolidated report in target/cucumber-html-reports.

    There are different types of HTML reports gets generated as a part of the test execution cycle.

    1. feature-overview – This HTML report gives an overall overview of test execution. Main HTML report which covers all different sections like Features, Tags, Steps, and Failures.

    2. failures-overview – This HTML report gives an overview of all failed tests.

    3. step-overview – This HTML report shows step statistics for the current cycle.

    4. tag-overview – This HTML report shows passing and failing statistics for different tags used in test execution.

    Congratulations on making it through this tutorial and hope you found it useful! Happy Learning!! Cheers!!

    vibssingh

    Add Screenshots to Failed Tests in Robot Framework

    Last Updated On

    HOME

    In this tutorial, we will discuss the steps to add the screenshots to the failed tests in the Robot Framework.

    Table Of Contents

    1. Prerequisite
    2. Implementation Steps
      1. Create a new project
      2. Create 3 new directories in the new project
      3. Download ChromeBinaries and place in Drivers directory
      4. Create Test Files
      5. Create Resources file for each page
      6. Execute the tests
      7. View Screenshots of the failed tests
      8. View Report and Log

    Prerequisite:

    1. Install Python
    2. Install PIP
    3. Install Robot Framework
    4. Install Robot framework Selenium Library
    5. Install PyCharm IDE

    Please refer to this tutorial to install Robot Framework – How to install and setup Robot Framework for Python.

    Implementation Steps

    Step 1 – Create a new project

    Step 1.1 – Open PyCharm and create a new project. Go to File and select New Project from the main menu.

    Step 1.2 – Choose the project location. Click the “Browse” button next to the Location field and specify the directory for your project.

    Deselect the Create a main.py welcome script checkbox because you will create a new Python file for this tutorial.

    Click on the “Create” Button.

    Step 1.3 – A new dialog appears asking to open the project using any one of the given options. I have selected New Window as I like to have separate windows for each project.

    Below is the image of the new project created in PyCharms.

    Step 2 – Create 3 new directories in the new project

    Right-Click on the project, select New->Directory, and provide the name as Tests, Drivers, and Resources

    Below is the image of the new directories.

    Step 3 – Download ChromeBinaries and place in Drivers directory

    This directory contains the browser binary in it. As we are using Chrome, will keep chromedriver.exe here.

    The tests are going to use the Chrome browser, so we need to download the ChromeBinaries to open a blank browser in Chrome.

    https://chromedriver.chromium.org/

    I will rename chromedriver.exe to Chrome.

    Step 4 – Create Test Files

    This directory contains multiple test case files consisting of test steps. 

    Right-click on the new directory and select New File and provide the name as LoginPageTests.robot as shown below:

    Below is the code for LoginPageTests.robot

    *** Settings ***
Documentation       Tests to login to Login Page
Library     SeleniumLibrary
Test Setup      Open the Browser with URL
Test Teardown   Capture Screenshot On Failure
Suite Teardown  Close Browser Session
Resource       ../Resources/GenericResources.robot
Resource       ../Resources/LoginResources.robot

*** Test Cases ***

Validate Unsuccessful Login using invalid credentials

    LoginResources.Fill the login form     ${valid_username}       ${invalid_password}
    LoginResources.Verify the error message is correct


Validate successful Login

    LoginResources.Fill the login form     ${valid_username}       ${valid_password}
    DashboardResources.Verify Dashboard page opens


Validate Unsuccessful Login for blank username

     LoginResources.Fill the login form     ${blank_username}       ${valid_password}
     LoginResources.Verify the error message is displayed for username

    Settings

    1. Documentation: Allows to add the description about the Login Test page.
    2. Library: Import SeleniumLibrary for browser interactions.
    3. Test Setup: Open the Browser with URL keyword to setup the browser before each test
    4. Test Teardown: Capture Screenshot On Failure keyword to capture screenshots if the test fails
    5. Suite Teardown: Close Browser Session keyword close all the browsers at the end of the test suite.
    6. Resource: Provide the path of the resource file that contains the reusable keywords, variables and other settings.

    Step 5 – Create Resources file for each page

    It maintains the files which contain page elements as well as corresponding keywords. 

    Right-click on the new directory and select New File and provide the name as LoginResources.robot, DashboardResources.robot and GenericResources.robot as shown below:

    GenericResources.robot contains the keywords that are common to all the tests, like the opening of the browser or closing of the browser.

    *** Settings ***
Documentation    A resource file with reusable keywords and variables.
Library     SeleniumLibrary

*** Variables ***
${valid_username}     Admin
${valid_password}       admin123
${invalid_username}     1234
${invalid_password}     45678
${blank_username}
${url}        https://opensource-demo.orangehrmlive.com/web/index.php/auth/login
${browser_name}      Chrome
${output_dir}      ./screenshots


*** Keywords ***

Open the Browser with URL
    Open Browser   ${url}    ${browser_name}   executable_path=C:/Users/vibha/Documents/Automation/Python/CrossBrowser_RobotFramework/Drivers/${browser_name}
    Maximize Browser Window
    Set Selenium Implicit Wait    5

Capture screenshot On Failure
    Run Keyword If Test Failed    Capture Page Screenshot    ${output_dir}/${TEST NAME}.png
    Close Browser

Close Browser Session
    Close Browser

    Variables used in GenericResources.robot

    1. ${valid_username}, ${valid_password}, ${invalid_username}, ${invalid_password},
    2. ${blank_username}: Assign values
    3. ${url}: The URL to navigate to
    4. ${browser_name}: Browser will be used to run the tests
    5. ${output_dir}: Directory where the screenshots will be saved.

    Below is the code for LoginResources.robot

    *** Settings ***
Documentation        All the page objects and keywords of landing page
Library     SeleniumLibrary

*** Variables ***
${login_error_message}      css:.oxd-alert-content--error
${dashboard_title}       css:.oxd-topbar-header-breadcrumb-module
${missing_username_error_message}    xpath://*[@class='oxd-form']/div[1]/div/span

*** Keywords ***

Fill the login form
    [Arguments]    ${username}      ${password}
   Input Text    css:input[name=username]   ${username}
   Input Password    css:input[name=password]   ${password}
   Click Button    css:.orangehrm-login-button


Verify the error message is correct
    Element Text Should Be    ${login_error_message}    Invalid credentials


Verify the error message is displayed for username
     Element Text Should Be    ${missing_username_error_message}      Required

    Below is the code for DashboardResources.robot

    *** Settings ***
Documentation        All the page objects and keywords of Dashboard page
Library     SeleniumLibrary

*** Variables ***
${dashboard_title}       css:.oxd-topbar-header-breadcrumb-module

*** Keywords ***

Verify Dashboard page opens
    Element Text Should Be    ${dashboard_title}      Dashboard

    All the below-mentioned keywords are derived from SeleniumLibrary. The functionality of keywords mentioned above:

    1. Open Browser − The keyword opens a new browser instance to the optional url.

    2. Maximize Browser Window – This keyword maximizes the current browser window.

    3. Set Selenium Implicit Wait – This keyword sets the implicit wait value used by Selenium.

    4. Run Keyword If Test Failed – Runs the given keyword with the given argument (Capture Page Screenshot), if the test failed.

    5. Close Browser – Close the current browser.

    6. Input Text − This keyword is used to type the given text in the specified textbox identified by the locator name:username.

    7. Input Password – This keyword is used to type the given text in the specified password identified by the locator name:password.

    The difference compared to Input Text is that this keyword does not log the given password on the INFO level.

    8. Click button – This keyword is used to click the button identified by the locator. In this case, it is “Login” button.

    9. Element Text Should Be – This keyword is used to verify that the current page contains the exact text identified by the locator. Here, we are checking the exact text “Invalid Credentials”.

    These keywords are present in SeleniumLibrary. To know more about these keywords, please refer to this document – https://robotframework.org/SeleniumLibrary/SeleniumLibrary.html.

    Step 6 – Execute the tests

    To run this script, go to the command line and go to directory tests. We need the below command to run the Robot Framework script. 

    robot .

    The output of the above program is

    Step 7 – View Screenshots of the failed tests

    Screenshots of the failed tests will be saved in screenshots folder with the name of failed test as shown in the below image.

    Step 8 – View Report and Log

    We have 2 test cases passed and 1 failed. The Robot Framework generates log.html, output.xml, and report.html by default.

    Let us now see the report and log details.

    Report

    Right-click on report.html. Select Open In->Browser->Chrome(any browser of your wish).

    The Report generated by the framework is shown below:

    Log

    The screenshots will be included in the log.html file under the specific failed test case step. Robot Framework has multiple log levels that control what is shown in the automatically generated log file. The default Robot Framework log level is INFO.

    Right-click on log.html. Select Open In->Browser->Chrome(any browser of your wish).

    Points to Consider

    1. Path to Screenshots: By default, screenshots are saved in the same directory as the test files. We can customize the path in the Capture Screenshot On Failure keyword. Here, we have used screenshot folder to save the screenshots in it.
    2. Browser Compatibility: Make sure that we have the correct WebDriver for the browser as well as compatible version of the driver (e.g., chromedriver for Chrome, geckodriver for Firefox, msedgedriver for Edge).
    3. Failure Scenarios: This setup captures screenshots only when a test fails, making it easier to debug issues.

    That’s it! Congratulations on making it through this tutorial and hope you found it useful! Happy Learning!!

    Additional Tutorials

    How to Install Python on Windows 11
    How to install and setup Robot Framework for Python
    How to rerun failed tests in Robot Framework
    How to implement tagging in Robot Framework
     How to set variable values from Runtime command in Robot Framework
    How to load data from CSV files in the Robot Framework?
    vibssingh

    SQL Multiple Choice Answers – MCQ2

    Last Updated On

    HOME

    Welcome to the SQL Quiz!

    SQL Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ2

    Answers

    1) c) Organized collection of data or information that can be accessed, updated, and managed

    2) c) Table

    3) a) All Correct

    4) c) WHERE clause

    The WHERE clause is incomplete and needs a condition to specify which records to update.

    5) a) True

    6) a) SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE FirstName=’Peter’ AND LastName=’Jackson’

    7) a) All Correct

    8) b) >= ‘2023-06-01’

    The OR operator should be followed by a complete condition, including the column name.
    SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE OrderDate >= ‘2023-01-01’ OR OrderDate >= ‘2023-06-01’;

    9) c) HAVING

    10) c) No error

    11) a) SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE LastName BETWEEN ‘Hansen’ AND ‘Pettersen’

    12) a) SELECT DISTINCT

    13) a) ORDER BY

    14) a) SELECT * FROM Employees ORDER BY FirstName DESC

    15) a) INSERT INTO Employees VALUES (‘Jimmy’, ‘Jackson’)

    16) a) INSERT INTO Persons (LastName) VALUES (‘Olsen’)

    17) c) To give users access privileges

    18) b) Removes specific access privileges from users

    19) d) All Correct

    20) c) ON Database

    This is because the REVOKE statement usually specifies the type of object (such as a) specific table or schema) with tables). Just mentioning Database without specifying an object within it is incorrect. The corrected syntax typically needs to look like:

    REVOKE INSERT, UPDATE ON Database.* FROM user123;

    21) a) UPDATE Employees SET LastName=’Nilsen’ WHERE LastName=’Hansen’

    22) a) DELETE FROM Employees WHERE FirstName = ‘Peter’

    23) a) SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Employees

    24) d) INNER JOIN

    25) a) BETWEEN

    vibssingh

    SQL Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ2

    Last Updated On

    HOME

    Welcome to the SQL Quiz! This blog post features 25 multiple-choice questions that explore essential concepts of SQL.

    1. What is a database?

    Select the best answer

    a) Organized collection of information that cannot be accessed, updated, and managed
    b) Collection of data or information without organizing
    c) Organized collection of data or information that can be accessed, updated, and managed
    d) Organized collection of data that cannot be updated

    Answer

    2. In which of the following formats data is stored in the database management system?

    Choose one option

    a) Image
    b) Text
    c) Table
    d) Graph

    Answer

    3. What needs correction in

    SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE Salary = 5000 AND Department = 'HR';"

    Choose one option

    a) All Correct
    b) = in Salary
    c) AND
    d) = in Department

    Answer

    4. Identify the error in

    UPDATE Employees SET Salary = Salary * 1.05 WHERE;

    Choose one option

    a) UPDATE keyword
    b) SET keyword
    c) WHERE clause
    d) No error

    Answer

    5. The OR operator displays a record if ANY conditions listed are true. The AND operator displays a record if ALL of the conditions listed are true

    a) True
    b) False

    Answer

    6. With SQL, how do you select all the records from a table named “Employees” where the “FirstName” is “Peter” and the “LastName” is “Jackson”?

    Choose one option

    a) SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE FirstName='Peter' AND LastName='Jackson'

b) SELECT FirstName='Peter', LastName='Jackson' FROM Employees

c) SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE FirstName<>'Peter' AND LastName<>'Jackson'

d)  SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE FirstName='Jackson' AND LastName='Peter'

    Answer

    7. What is missing in the following statement?

    INSERT INTO Employees (Name, Department) VALUES ('John', 'Sales');

    a) All Correct
    b) Employee ID
    c) a) WHERE clause
    d) Additional column names

    Answer

    8. Identify the error in

    SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE OrderDate >= '2023-01-01' OR >= '2023-06-01';

    Choose one option

    a) OR operator
    b) >= ‘2023-06-01’
    c) No error
    d) The date format

    Answer

    9. Correct the syntax error in

    DELETE FROM Employees HAVING Age < 25;

    Choose one option

    a) DELETE keyword
    b) FROM keyword
    c) HAVING keyword
    d) No syntax error

    Answer

    10. Identify the error

    UPDATE Employees SET Age = Age + 1 WHERE Department IN ('Sales', 'HR') AND Age >= 30;

    Choose one option

    a) The IN operator
    b) The AND operator
    c) No error
    d) The SET keyword

    Answer

    11. With SQL, how do you select all the records from a table named “Employees” where the “LastName” is alphabetically between (and including) “Hansen” and “Pettersen”?

    Choose one option

    a) SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE LastName BETWEEN 'Hansen' AND 'Pettersen'

b) SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE LastName>'Hansen' AND LastName<'Pettersen'

c) SELECT LastName>'Hansen' AND LastName<'Pettersen' FROM Employees

d) None

    Answer

    12.  Which SQL statement is used to return only different values?

    Choose one option

    a) SELECT DISTINCT
    b) SELECT DIFFERENT
    c) SELECT UNIQUE
    d) SELECT TOP

    Answer

    13. Which SQL keyword is used to sort the result-set?

    Choose one option

    a) ORDER BY
    b) ORDER
    c) SORT
    d) SORT BY

    Answer

    14. With SQL, how can you return all the records from a) table named “Employees” sorted descending by “FirstName”?

    Choose one option

    a) SELECT * FROM Employees ORDER BY FirstName DESC

b) SELECT * FROM Employees SORT 'FirstName' DESC

c) SELECT * FROM Employees SORT BY 'FirstName' DESC

d) SELECT * FROM Employees ORDER FirstName DESC

    Answer

    15. With SQL, how can you insert a new record into the “Employees” table?

    Choose one option

    a) INSERT INTO Employees VALUES ('Jimmy', 'Jackson')

b) INSERT VALUES ('Jimmy', 'Jackson') INTO Employees

c) INSERT ('Jimmy', 'Jackson') INTO Employees

d) INSERT INTO Table Employees VALUES ('Jimmy', 'Jackson')

    Answer

    16. With SQL, how can you insert “Olsen” as the “LastName” in the “Persons” table?

    Choose one option

    a) INSERT INTO Persons (LastName) VALUES ('Olsen')

b) INSERT ('Olsen') INTO Persons (LastName)

c) INSERT INTO Persons ('Olsen') INTO LastName

d) All incorrect

    Answer

    17. What is the primary purpose of the GRANT command in SQL?

    Choose one option

    a) To create a new table
    b) To delete data from a table
    c) To give users access privileges
    d) To update table data

    Answer

    18. What does the REVOKE command do in SQL?

    Choose one option

    a) Adds new user accounts
    b) Removes specific access privileges from users
    c) Deletes tables
    d) Inserts data

    Answer

     19. Which part of this statement is incorrect?

    GRANT SELECT ON Employees TO user123;

    Choose one option

    a) GRANT
    b) SELECT ON
    c) Employees
    d) All Correct

    Answer

    20. Which part of this statement is incorrect?

    REVOKE INSERT, UPDATE ON Database FROM user123;

    Choose one option

    a) REVOKE
    b) INSERT, UPDATE
    c) ON Database
    d) FROM user123

    Answer

    21. How can you change “Hansen” into “Nilsen” in the “LastName” column in the Employees table?

    Choose one option

    a) UPDATE Employees SET LastName='Nilsen' WHERE LastName='Hansen'

b) MODIFY Employees SET LastName='Nilsen' WHERE LastName='Hansen'

c) UPDATE Employees SET LastName='Hansen' INTO LastName='Nilsen'

d) MODIFY Employees SET LastName='Hansen' INTO LastName='Nilsen

    Answer

    22. With SQL, how can you delete the records where the “FirstName” is “Peter” in the Employees Table?

    Choose one option

    a) DELETE FROM Employees WHERE FirstName = 'Peter'

b) DELETE FirstName='Peter' FROM Employees

c) DELETE ROW FirstName='Peter' FROM Employees

d) All are incorrect

    Answer

    23. With SQL, how can you return the number of records in the “Employees” table?

    Choose one option

    a) SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Employees

b) SELECT COLUMNS(*) FROM Employees

c) SELECT LEN(*) FROM Employees

d) SELECT NO(*) FROM Employees

    Answer

    24. What is the most common type of join?

    Choose one option

    a) JOINED
    b) JOINED TABLE
    c) INSIDE JOIN
    d) INNER JOIN

    Answer

    25. Which operator is used to select values within a range?

    Choose one option

    a) BETWEEN
    b) WITHIN
    c) RANGE

    Answer

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