In this article we will see how we can download a pdf file in chrome using selenium at a desired location in java on Edge browser.

We need to add Selenium dependency to the project. We can find the latest version from here – Maven.

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
    <artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
    <version>4.25.0</version>
</dependency>

Implementation Steps

Step 1 – Define directory path for PDF to be downloaded

Define the directory path where the PDF will be downloaded. Here, it will create a directory with the name of downloads in the project.

 String downloadFilepath = System.getProperty("user.dir") + File.separator + "downloads";

Step 2 – Configure EdgeOptions to set download preferences in Edge

This includes setting the browser to always download PDFs instead of opening them in the browser, and specifying the default download directory.

EdgeOptions options = new EdgeOptions();
Map<String, Object> prefs = new HashMap<>();
prefs.put("download.default_directory", downloadFilepath);
prefs.put("download.prompt_for_download", false);

Explanation

prefs.put("download.default_directory", downloadFilepath);

Set the default directory for downloads.

prefs.put("download.prompt_for_download", false);

Disable the download prompt that usually appears.

Step 3 – Initialize WebDriver and Open Webpage

WebDriver driver = new EdgeDriver(options);
driver.manage().window().maximize();
driver.get("https://freetestdata.com/document-files/pdf/");

Step 4 – Find and Click the Download Link

Locate the download link using XPath and click on it to start the download.

WebElement downloadLink = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@class="elementor-button-text"]"));
downloadLink.click();

Step 5 – Wait for the Download to Complete

This is used to pause the execution for a specified amount of time (5 seconds here) to allow the file to download completely. It is not recommended to use Thread.sleep in production.

Thread.sleep(5000);

Step 6 – Verify the File Download

Check if the downloaded file exists in the specified download directory or not.

 File downloadedFile = new File(downloadFilepath + "/Free_Test_Data_100KB_PDF.pdf");
        if (downloadedFile.exists()) {
            System.out.println("File is downloaded!");
        } else {
            System.out.println("File is not downloaded.");
      }

Step 7 – Quit the WebDriver

driver.quit();

The complete program can be seen below:

package com.example;

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.edge.EdgeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.edge.EdgeOptions;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxOptions;

import java.io.File;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

public class EdgeDownload_PDF {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {


        String downloadFilepath = System.getProperty("user.dir") + File.separator + "downloads";

        EdgeOptions options = new EdgeOptions();
        Map<String, Object> prefs = new HashMap<>();
        prefs.put("download.default_directory", downloadFilepath);
        prefs.put("download.prompt_for_download", false);

        WebDriver driver = new EdgeDriver(options);
        driver.manage().window().maximize();
        driver.get("https://freetestdata.com/document-files/pdf/");

        // Locate and click the download link or button if necessary
         WebElement downloadLink = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@class=\"elementor-button-text\"]"));
        downloadLink.click();

        // Wait for the download to complete
        try {
            Thread.sleep(5000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

        // Check if the file exists
        File downloadedFile = new File(downloadFilepath + "/Free_Test_Data_100KB_PDF.pdf");
        if (downloadedFile.exists()) {
            System.out.println("File is downloaded from Edge!");
        } else {
            System.out.println("File is not downloaded.");
        }

        driver.quit();
    }

}

The output of the above program is

We can see that a downloads folder is created, and it has the downloaded pdf file – Free_Test_Data_100KB_PDF.pdf.

Summary:

Setup: Configures Chrome to automatically download PDFs and sets the download directory.
Download and Verify: Navigates to a specific URL, clicks the download link, waits for the download to complete, and verifies if the file exists in the specified directory.
Cleanup: Closes the browser session.

That’s it! Congratulations on making it through this tutorial and hope you found it useful! Happy Learning!!

September 30, 2024 vibssingh

How to capture Screenshot of specific element in Selenium

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In Automation, it is advisable to take screenshots of failed test cases for further analysis and proof of failure. Selenium provides the capability to take screenshot. But, before we see how to capture Screenshot in Selenium, we need to add below mentioned dependencies in the Maven project. In this tutorial, we will take screenshot of a specific element in the webpage.

<dependency>
      <groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
      <artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
      <version>4.24.0</version>
    </dependency>

    <dependency>
      <groupId>commons-io</groupId>
      <artifactId>commons-io</artifactId>
      <version>2.16.1</version>
</dependency>

Implementation Steps

1. Initialize WebDriver

Initialize the WebDriver. Here, it is FireFoxOptions. Open the desired web page.

FirefoxOptions options = new FirefoxOptions();
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(options);
driver.manage().window().maximize();
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");

2. Locate the Element

Use Selenium methods to locate the element.

WebElement logo = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//div[@class='row']/div"));

3. Take the screenshot of the element

To capture a screenshot in Selenium, we can make use of an interface, called TakesScreenshot. This method indicates the driver, that it can capture a screenshot and store it in different ways

 File source = logo.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);

In order to capture screenshot and store it in a particular location, there is a method called “getScreenshotAs“, where OutputType defines the output type for a screenshot.

4. Specify the location to save the screenshot

 File screenshotLocation = new File("src//test/resources//screenshot/specific_element_screenshot.png");

5. Save the screenshot to the specified location

We want to save the element in the screenshot folder present in src/test/resources directory. So, copy the screenshot in that folder.

 FileUtils.copyFile(source, screenshotLocation);

5. Quit the browser

Make sure to quit the browser to free up all the resources.

driver.quit();

Let’s see the complete program

package com.example;

import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxOptions;
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import java.io.File;

public class ScreenShot_Demo {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        FirefoxOptions options = new FirefoxOptions();
        WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(options);
        driver.manage().window().maximize();
        driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");

        // Locate the specific element
        WebElement logo = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//div[@class='row']/div"));

        // Take the screenshot of the element
        File source = logo.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);

        // Specify the location to save the screenshot
        File screenshotLocation = new File("src//test/resources//screenshot/element_screenshot.png");

        try {
            // Save the screenshot to the specified location
            FileUtils.copyFile(source, screenshotLocation);
            System.out.println("Screenshot saved to: " + screenshotLocation.getAbsolutePath());
        } catch (Exception e) {
            System.out.println(e.getMessage());
        }

        System.out.println("The Screenshot is taken and saved under Screenshots folder");
        driver.quit();
    }

}

The output of the above program is

A folder with name screenshot is created inside src/test/resources directory and the screenshot is placed in that folder as you can see the image below

The Screenshot looks like something below

That’s it! Congratulations on making it through this tutorial and hope you found it useful! Happy Learning!!

September 27, 2024 vibssingh

How to Write in PDF with Selenium and Java

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In this article we will see how we can write in a pdf file using selenium Java.

Writing in a PDF document in Selenium using Java requires some additional libraries because Selenium itself does not provide direct support for reading PDFs. The most commonly used library for reading PDFs in Java is Apache PDFBox.

Table of Contents

Below is an example of sample PDF we will use.

Sample PDF File

1. Add the dependencies

  <dependency>
      <groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
      <artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
      <version>4.24.0</version>
    </dependency>

    <dependency>
      <groupId>commons-io</groupId>
      <artifactId>commons-io</artifactId>
      <version>2.16.1</version>
    </dependency>

    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.apache.pdfbox</groupId>
      <artifactId>pdfbox</artifactId>
      <version>3.0.3</version>
    </dependency>

2. Setup ChromeOptions and open the browser

This includes setting the browser to always download PDFs instead of opening them in the browser, and specifying the default download directory.

String downloadFilepath = System.getProperty("user.dir") + File.separator + "downloads";

ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
Map<String, Object> prefs = new HashMap<>();
prefs.put("plugins.always_open_pdf_externally", true);
prefs.put("download.default_directory", downloadFilepath);
options.setExperimentalOption("prefs", prefs);

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
driver.manage().window().maximize();
driver.get("https://freetestdata.com/document-files/pdf/");

3. Download the PDF Document

Use Selenium WebDriver to navigate to the PDF URL and download it to a desired location.

  // Download first PDF
   WebElement downloadLink = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@class='elementor-button-text']"));
   downloadLink.click();

  //Wait for PDF download to complete
  File downloadedFile = new File(downloadFilepath + "/Free_Test_Data_100KB_PDF.pdf");
  WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(30));
  wait.until((ExpectedCondition<Boolean>) wd -> downloadedFile.exists());
  System.out.println("PDF File is downloaded successfully.");

4. Create a content stream to write to the PDF

We are using the Apache PDFBox to write to the downloaded PDF file.

Step 1 – PDPageContentStream class is used to insert data in the document. In this class, we need to pass the document object and page object as its parameter to insert data.

PDPageContentStream contentStream = new PDPageContentStream(doc, page, PDPageContentStream.AppendMode.APPEND, true);

Step 2 – When we insert text in the PDF document, we can also provide the start position of the text. beginText() method of the PDPageContentStream class is used to start the text content.

contentStream.beginText();

Step 3 – We can set the font style and font size of the text by using setFont() method of the PDPageContentStream class.

//Setting the font to the Content stream
PDFont pdfFont=  new PDType1Font(TIMES_BOLD_ITALIC);
contentStream.setFont(pdfFont, 20);

Step 4 – We can set the position of the text by using newLineAtOffset() method of the PDPageContentStream class which can be shown in the following code.

//Setting the position for the line
contentStream.newLineAtOffset(40, 450);

Step 5 – We can insert text content in the PDF document by using the showText() method of the PDPageContentStream class.

//Adding text in the form of string
String text = "Hi!!! Added text to the existing PDF document.";
contentStream.showText(text);

Step 6 – When we insert text in the PDF document, we have to provide the end point of the text. endText() method of the PDPageContentStream class is used to end the text content.

contentStream.endText();

Step 7 – We can close the PDPageContentStream class by using close() method.

//Closing the content stream
contentStream.close();

Step 8 – After adding the required document, we have to save it to our desired location. save() method is used to save the document.

//Saving the document
doc.save(new File("downloads/Updated_PDF.pdf"));

Step 9 – After completing the task, we need to close the PDDocument class object by using the close() method.

//Closing the document
doc.close();

The complete program can be seen below:

package com.example;

import org.apache.pdfbox.Loader;
import org.apache.pdfbox.pdmodel.PDDocument;
import org.apache.pdfbox.pdmodel.PDPage;
import org.apache.pdfbox.pdmodel.PDPageContentStream;
import org.apache.pdfbox.pdmodel.font.PDFont;
import org.apache.pdfbox.pdmodel.font.PDType1Font;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedCondition;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.time.Duration;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

import static org.apache.pdfbox.pdmodel.font.Standard14Fonts.FontName.TIMES_BOLD_ITALIC;

public class WritePDF_Chrome_Demo {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, IOException {

        String downloadFilepath = System.getProperty("user.dir") + File.separator + "downloads";

        ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
        Map<String, Object> prefs = new HashMap<>();
        prefs.put("plugins.always_open_pdf_externally", true);
        prefs.put("download.default_directory", downloadFilepath);
        options.setExperimentalOption("prefs", prefs);

        WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
        driver.manage().window().maximize();
        driver.get("https://freetestdata.com/document-files/pdf/");

        // Download first PDF
        WebElement downloadLink = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@class='elementor-button-text']"));
        downloadLink.click();

        //Wait for PDF download to complete
        File downloadedFile = new File(downloadFilepath + "/Free_Test_Data_100KB_PDF.pdf");
        WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(30));
        wait.until((ExpectedCondition<Boolean>) wd -> downloadedFile.exists());
        System.out.println("PDF File is downloaded successfully.");

        driver.quit();

        //Retrieving the pages of the document
        PDDocument doc = Loader.loadPDF(downloadedFile);
        PDPage page = doc.getPage(2);
        PDPageContentStream contentStream = getPdPageContentStream(doc, page);
        System.out.println("New Text Content is added in the PDF Document.");

        //Closing the content stream
        contentStream.close();

        //Saving the document
        doc.save(new File("downloads/Updated_PDF.pdf"));

        //Closing the document
        doc.close();
    }

    private static PDPageContentStream getPdPageContentStream(PDDocument doc, PDPage page) throws IOException {

        PDPageContentStream contentStream = new PDPageContentStream(doc, page, PDPageContentStream.AppendMode.APPEND, true);

        //Begin the Content stream
        contentStream.beginText();

        //Setting the font to the Content stream
        PDFont pdfFont=  new PDType1Font(TIMES_BOLD_ITALIC);
        contentStream.setFont(pdfFont, 20);

        //Setting the position for the line
        contentStream.newLineAtOffset(10, 450);

        String text = "Hi!!! Added text to the existing PDF document.";

        //Adding text in the form of string
        contentStream.showText(text);

        //Ending the content stream
        contentStream.endText();

        return contentStream;
    }

}

The output of the above program is

We can see that the updated pdf is placed in the documents folder.

We can see that the text content is added to the PDF document.

Summary:

Setup WebDriver: Configure the browser to handle automatic downloads.
Trigger Download: Navigate to the webpage and trigger the download.
Wait for Completion: Implement a waiting mechanism to ensure the download completes.
Write to PDF: Use PDPageContentStream to write the data to PDF.

That’s it! Congratulations on making it through this tutorial and hope you found it useful! Happy Learning!!

September 25, 2024September 25, 2024 vibssingh

Read PDF Files with Selenium in Java

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In this article we will see how we can read a pdf file using selenium java.

Organizations frequently generate various types of PDF reports, such as mobile bills, electricity bills, financial reports, and revenue reports. Quality Assurance (QA) teams are then tasked with verifying the information contained in these reports. Typically, this process involves manually downloading the reports and reading the data they contain. To automate this process, the test framework must be capable of automatically downloading PDF reports and extracting the data without any human intervention.

Reading a PDF document in Selenium using Java requires some additional libraries because Selenium itself does not provide direct support for reading PDFs. The most commonly used library for reading PDFs in Java is Apache PDFBox.

Table of Contents

Sample PDF File

1. Add the dependencies

Add the Selenium, commons and pdfbox dependencies to the project. To download the latest version of these dependencies, refer to the official Maven site – https://mvnrepository.com/.

  <dependency>
      <groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
      <artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
      <version>4.24.0</version>
    </dependency>

    <dependency>
      <groupId>commons-io</groupId>
      <artifactId>commons-io</artifactId>
      <version>2.16.1</version>
    </dependency>

    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.apache.pdfbox</groupId>
      <artifactId>pdfbox</artifactId>
      <version>3.0.3</version>
    </dependency>

2. Download the PDF Document

Use Selenium WebDriver to navigate to the PDF URL and download it to a desired location.

 String downloadFilepath = System.getProperty("user.dir") + File.separator + "downloads";

        ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
        Map<String, Object> prefs = new HashMap<>();
        prefs.put("plugins.always_open_pdf_externally", true);
        prefs.put("download.default_directory", downloadFilepath);
        options.setExperimentalOption("prefs", prefs);

        WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
        driver.manage().window().maximize();
        driver.get("https://freetestdata.com/document-files/pdf/");

        // Locate and click the download link or button if necessary
        WebElement downloadLink = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@class=\"elementor-button-text\"]"));
        downloadLink.click();

        //Wait for download to complete
        File downloadedFile = new File(downloadFilepath + "/Free_Test_Data_100KB_PDF.pdf");
        WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(30));
        wait.until((ExpectedCondition<Boolean>) wd -> downloadedFile.exists());

        // Check if the file exists
        if (downloadedFile.exists()) {
            System.out.println("File is downloaded!");
        } else {
            System.out.println("File is not downloaded.");
        }

To know more about the PDF download, please refer to this tutorial – Download PDF in Chrome with Selenium Java

3. Read the PDF Content

We are using the Apache PDFBox to read the downloaded PDF file and extract text.

Step 1 – Load PDF Document

File file = new File("Path of Document");   
PDDocument doc = Loader.loadPDF(file);

Step 2 – Retrieve the text

PDFTextStripper class is used to retrieve text from a PDF document. We can instantiate this class as following

PDFTextStripper pdfStripper = new PDFTextStripper();

getText() method is used to read the text contents from the PDF document. In this method, we need to pass the document object as a parameter.

String text = pdfStripper.getText(doc);

The complete program can be seen below:

import org.apache.pdfbox.Loader;
import org.apache.pdfbox.pdmodel.PDDocument;
import org.apache.pdfbox.text.PDFTextStripper;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedCondition;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.time.Duration;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

public class ReadPDF_Chrome_Demo {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

        String downloadFilepath = System.getProperty("user.dir") + File.separator + "chrome_downloads";

        ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
        Map<String, Object> prefs = new HashMap<>();
        prefs.put("plugins.always_open_pdf_externally", true);
        prefs.put("download.default_directory", downloadFilepath);
        options.setExperimentalOption("prefs", prefs);

        WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
        driver.manage().window().maximize();
        driver.get("https://freetestdata.com/document-files/pdf/");

        // Locate the download link/button and click and wait for the download to complete
        WebElement downloadLink = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@class='elementor-button-text']"));
        downloadLink.click();

        //Wait for download to complete
        File downloadedFile = new File(downloadFilepath + "/Free_Test_Data_100KB_PDF.pdf");
        WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(30));
        wait.until((ExpectedCondition<Boolean>) wd -> downloadedFile.exists());
        
        // Check if the file exists
        if (downloadedFile.exists()) {
            System.out.println("File is downloaded!");
        } else {
            System.out.println("File is not downloaded.");
        }

        driver.quit();

        // Read the downloaded PDF using PDFBox
        PDDocument document = null;
        try {
            document = Loader.loadPDF(downloadedFile);
            PDFTextStripper pdfStripper = new PDFTextStripper();
            String text = pdfStripper.getText(document);
            document.close();

            // Print the PDF text content
            System.out.println("Text in PDF: ");
            System.out.println(text);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            System.err.println("An error occurred while loading or reading the PDF file: " + e.getMessage());
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

    }

}

The output of the above program is

Summary:

### Summary

1. Setup WebDriver: Configure the browser to handle automatic downloads.
2. Trigger Download: Navigate to the webpage and trigger the download.
3. Wait for Completion: Implement a waiting mechanism to ensure the download completes.
4. Verify Content: Use a library like Apache PDFBox to read the content of the downloaded PDF.

That’s it! Congratulations on making it through this tutorial and hope you found it useful! Happy Learning!!

September 24, 2024October 22, 2024 vibssingh

Selenium Multiple Choice Answers – MCQ2

Last Updated On

October 22, 2024

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Selenium Quiz – You can test your knowledge with this Selenium Quiz. We have created this Selenium WebDriver Quiz Online Test to help you master Selenium.

Selenium Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ2

Answers

1) 6) All of the above

2) 1) Selenium (IDE)

3) 4) Selenium Grid

4) 2) No

To learn more about findElement and findElements, please refer to this Difference between FindElement and FindElements in WebDriver

5) 1) findElement

6) 1) findElement

7) 2) No. It will not throw an exception. It will return an empty list

8) 2) Absolute XPath

9) 2) Element Not Visible Exception

10) 2) All the tags in the DOM after the current node

11) 2) All the descendants of the current node including children, grandchildren

12) 3) Find all the anchor tags in the entire DOM which are falling after the list item whose id is ‘firstItem’

13) 1) Find all the child nodes (with any tags) of the list item whose id is ‘firstItem’

14) 3) Type Text

To learn more about the Locators in Selenium, please refer to this Locators in Selenium – Locate by ID, ClassName, Name, TagName, LinkText, PartialLinkText.

15) 1) Pattern Matching

To learn more about the Locators in Selenium, please refer to this Locators in Selenium – Locate by ID, ClassName, Name, TagName, LinkText, PartialLinkText.

16) 1) //input[@id=’your_input_id’]/following-sibling::input

17) 1) ((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript(“arguments[0].scrollIntoView(true);”, element);

18) 2) No protocol is specified, so an exception will be thrown

19) 2) SearchContext

20) 3) getCssValue(“”)

21) 2) Select

To learn more about the Select class, please fer to this How to Select value from Drop down list or perform Multiple Selection Operations in WebDriver

22) 1) Select dropdown = new Select(<WebElement>)

To learn more about the Select class, please fer to this How to Select value from Drop down list or perform Multiple Selection Operations in WebDriver

23) 1) Yes

24) 2) selectByIndex()

25) 1)forward() 2) back() 3) refresh()

To learn more about the Navigation methods, please refer to this WebDriver Navigation Commands – Navigate, Forward, Back, Refresh in WebDriver

September 23, 2024September 27, 2024 vibssingh

Download PDF in Chrome with Selenium Java

Last Updated On

September 27, 2024

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In this article we will see how we can download a pdf file in chrome using selenium at a desired location in java.

When a PDF link on a website is clicked, the PDF file typically opens in Chrome’s default PDF viewer. While clicking on the PDF link itself is straightforward using Selenium, interacting with the PDF viewer afterward presents a challenge. This is because the PDF viewer is not part of the HTML DOM, and Selenium cannot interact with elements within it, such as the download button. As a result, we are unable to perform Selenium actions on controls within Chrome’s built-in PDF viewer.

To overcome this problem, we need to disable the default chrome pdf viewer plugin before launching the driver, and set the download directory where we need to download the file.

Implementation Steps

Step 1 – Download Path and Chrome Options Setup

Define the directory path where the PDF will be downloaded.

 String downloadFilepath = System.getProperty("user.dir") + File.separator + "downloads";

Step 2 – Configure ChromeOptions to set download preferences in Chrome

This includes setting the browser to always download PDFs instead of opening them in the browser, and specifying the default download directory.

ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
Map<String, Object> prefs = new HashMap<>();
prefs.put("plugins.always_open_pdf_externally", true);
prefs.put("download.default_directory", downloadFilepath);
options.setExperimentalOption("prefs", prefs);

Explanation

prefs.put("plugins.always_open_pdf_externally", true)

This line is setting a Chrome preference to always open PDF files using an external application (like Adobe Reader) instead of the Chrome PDF viewer. By setting this preference to true, Chrome will automatically download the PDF files rather than opening them in the built-in PDF viewer.

prefs.put("download.default_directory", System.getProperty("user.dir") + File.separator + "downloads");

This line sets the default directory where downloaded files should be saved.

options.setExperimentalOption("prefs", prefs);

setExperimentalOption is a method used to pass custom preferences to the ChromeDriver. This line applies the preferences you’ve set to the ChromeOptions object.

Step 3 – Initialize WebDriver and Open Webpage

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
driver.manage().window().maximize();
driver.get("https://freetestdata.com/document-files/pdf/");

Step 4 – Find and Click the Download Link

Locate the download link using XPath and click on it to start the download.

WebElement downloadLink = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@class=\"elementor-button-text\"]"));
downloadLink.click();

Step 5 – Wait for the Download to Complete

This is used to pause the execution for a specified amount of time (5 seconds here) to allow the file to download completely. It is not recommended to use Thread.sleep in production.

Thread.sleep(5000);

Step 6 – Verify the File Download

Check if the downloaded file exists in the specified download directory or not.

 File downloadedFile = new File(downloadFilepath + "/Free_Test_Data_100KB_PDF.pdf");
        if (downloadedFile.exists()) {
            System.out.println("File is downloaded!");
        } else {
            System.out.println("File is not downloaded.");
      }

Step 7 – Quit the WebDriver

driver.quit();

The complete program can be seen below:

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;

import java.io.File;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

public class DownloadPDF_Chrome_Demo {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

        String downloadFilepath = System.getProperty("user.dir") + File.separator + "downloads";

        ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
        Map<String, Object> prefs = new HashMap<>();
        prefs.put("plugins.always_open_pdf_externally", true);
        prefs.put("download.default_directory", downloadFilepath);
        options.setExperimentalOption("prefs", prefs);

        WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
        driver.manage().window().maximize();
        driver.get("https://freetestdata.com/document-files/pdf/");

        // Locate and click the download link or button if necessary
        WebElement downloadLink = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@class=\"elementor-button-text\"]"));
        downloadLink.click();

        // Wait for the download to complete
        Thread.sleep(5000); 
        
        // Check if the file exists
        File downloadedFile = new File(downloadFilepath + "/Free_Test_Data_100KB_PDF.pdf");
        if (downloadedFile.exists()) {
            System.out.println("File is downloaded!");
        } else {
            System.out.println("File is not downloaded.");
        }

        driver.quit();
    }
}

The output of the above program is

We can see that a downloads folder is created, and it has the downloaded pdf file – Free_Test_Data_100KB_PDF.pdf.

Summary:

Setup: Configures Chrome to automatically download PDFs and sets the download directory.
Download and Verify: Navigates to a specific URL, clicks the download link, waits for the download to complete, and verifies if the file exists in the specified directory.
Cleanup: Closes the browser session.

That’s it! Congratulations on making it through this tutorial and hope you found it useful! Happy Learning!!

June 24, 2024July 26, 2024 vibssingh

Keyword Driven Framework Tutorial – Selenium

Last Updated On

July 26, 2024

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This tutorial will create a detailed tutorial on creating a keyword-driven framework in Selenium using excel.

Table of Contents

What is a Keyword Driven Framework?

A keyword-driven framework is a software testing framework that separates the test script logic from the test data through a set of keywords or actions.

1. Keywords: Keywords or actions represent the basic building blocks of the test script. Examples of keywords can include “click,” “sendKeys,” “verifyText,” etc. These keywords are defined in a central repository or spreadsheet, along with the associated test data and expected results.

2. Test Data: Test data is the input or parameters required to perform a specific keyword action. It can be stored in a separate data source such as an Excel spreadsheet or XML file. Test data includes information like usernames, passwords, URLs, input values, and expected outcomes.

3. Test Scripts: Test scripts are developed to execute the keywords. Each test script consists of a series of actions driven by the keywords. The test script fetches the keyword from the central repository and performs the associated action using the test data. It also captures and verifies the results against the expected outcome.

4. Central Repository: The central repository contains all the keywords, associated test data, and expected results. It acts as a bridge between test scripts and test data, allowing for easy maintenance and modification.

Project Structure

Here is the final snapshot of our project.

Dependency List

Selenium – 4.21.0
TestNG – 7.10.2
Apache POI – 5.2.5
Commons – 2.16.1
Maven Surefire – 3.2.5
Maven Compiler – 3.13.0
Java 17
Maven – 3.9.6

Implementation Steps

Step 1- Download and Install Java

Selenium needs Java to be installed on the system to run the tests. Click here to learn How to install Java.

Step 2 – Download and setup Eclipse IDE on the system

The Eclipse IDE (integrated development environment) provides strong support for Java developers, which is needed to write Java code. Click here to learn How to install Eclipse.

Step 3 – Setup Maven

To build a test framework, we need to add many dependencies to the project. It is a very tedious and cumbersome process to add each dependency manually. So, to overcome this problem, we use a build management tool. Maven is a build management tool that is used to define project structure, dependencies, build, and test management. Click here to learn How to install Maven.

Step 4 – Create a new Maven Project

Click here to learn How to create a Maven project

Below is the Maven project structure. Here,

Group Id – com.example
Artifact Id – KeywordDrivenFramework
Version – 0.0.1-SNAPSHOT
Package – com. example. KeywordDrivenFramework

Step 5 – Add Selenium, TestNG, and Apache POI dependencies to the project

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

  <groupId>com.example</groupId>
  <artifactId>KeywordDrivenFramework</artifactId>
  <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
  <packaging>jar</packaging>

  <name>KeywordDrivenFramework</name>
  <url>http://maven.apache.org</url>

  <properties>
    <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
    <selenium.version>4.21.0</selenium.version>
    <testng.version>7.10.2</testng.version>
    <poi.version>5.2.5</poi.version>
    <poi.ooxml.version>5.2.5</poi.ooxml.version>
    <commons.version>2.16.1</commons.version>
    <maven.surefire.plugin.version>3.2.5</maven.surefire.plugin.version>
    <maven.compiler.plugin.version>3.13.0</maven.compiler.plugin.version>
    <maven.compiler.source>17</maven.compiler.source>
    <maven.compiler.target>17</maven.compiler.target>
  </properties>

  <dependencies>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
      <artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
      <version>${selenium.version}</version>
    </dependency>

    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.testng</groupId>
      <artifactId>testng</artifactId>
      <version>${testng.version}</version>
    </dependency>

    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.apache.poi</groupId>
      <artifactId>poi</artifactId>
      <version>${poi.version}</version>
    </dependency>

    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.apache.poi</groupId>
      <artifactId>poi-ooxml</artifactId>
      <version>${poi.ooxml.version}</version>
    </dependency>

    <dependency>
      <groupId>commons-io</groupId>
      <artifactId>commons-io</artifactId>
      <version>${commons.version}</version>
    </dependency>
  </dependencies>

  <build>
    <plugins>
      <plugin>
        <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
        <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
        <version>${maven.compiler.plugin.version}</version>
        <configuration>
          <source>${maven.compiler.source}</source>
          <target>${maven.compiler.target}</target>
        </configuration>
      </plugin>
      <plugin>
        <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
        <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
        <version>${maven.surefire.plugin.version}</version>
        <configuration>
          <suiteXmlFiles>
            <suiteXmlFile>testng.xml</suiteXmlFile>
          </suiteXmlFiles>
        </configuration>
      </plugin>
    </plugins>
  </build>
</project>

Step 6 – Create a Java Keyword Class for each page

In this example, we will access 2 web pages, “Login” and “Home” pages.

Hence, we will create 2 Java classes for keywords – LoginPageKeywords.java and HomePageKeywords.java and a BasePage class to initialize the driver using PageFactory.

BasePage

package com.example.pages;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.PageFactory;

public class BasePage {
    public WebDriver driver;

    public BasePage(WebDriver driver) {
        this.driver = driver;
        PageFactory.initElements(driver,this);
    }

}

LoginPageKeywords

package com.example.keywords;

import com.example.utils.ExcelUtils;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBy;

public class LoginPageKeywords extends BasePage{

    public LoginPageKeywords(WebDriver driver) {
        super(driver);

    }

    @FindBy(name = "username")
    public WebElement userName;

    @FindBy(name = "password")
    public WebElement password;

    @FindBy(xpath = "//*[@class='oxd-form']/div[1]/div/span")
    public WebElement missingUsernameErrorMessage;

    @FindBy(xpath = "//*[@class='oxd-form']/div[2]/div/span")
    public WebElement missingPasswordErrorMessage;

    @FindBy(xpath = "//*[@class='oxd-form']/div[3]/button")
    public WebElement loginBtn;

    @FindBy(xpath = "//*[@id='app']/div[1]/div/div[1]/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[1]/p")
    public  WebElement errorMessage;


    public void enterUsername(String strUserName) {
        userName.sendKeys(strUserName);
    }

    public void enterPassword(String strPassword) {
        password.sendKeys(strPassword);
    }

    public void login() {
        loginBtn.click();
    }

    public void login(String strUserName, String strPassword) {

        userName.sendKeys(strUserName);
        password.sendKeys(strPassword);
    }

    public String getMissingUsernameText() {
        return missingUsernameErrorMessage.getText();
    }

    public String getMissingPasswordText() {
        return missingPasswordErrorMessage.getText();
    }

    public String getErrorMessage() {
        return errorMessage.getText();
    }

    public LoginPageKeywords saveTestResults(int row, int column) {
        ExcelUtils.rowNumber = row ;
        ExcelUtils.columnNumber = column;
        return this;
    }

}

HomePageKeywords

package com.example.keywords;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBy;

public class HomePageKeywords extends BasePage {

    public HomePageKeywords(WebDriver driver) {
        super(driver);

    }

    @FindBy(xpath = "//*[@id='app']/div[1]/div[1]/header/div[1]/div[1]/span/h6")
    public  WebElement homePageUserName;

    public String verifyHomePage() {
        return homePageUserName.getText();
    }
}

Step 7 – Create an ExcelUtils Class

To manipulate Excel files and do Excel operations, we should create an Excel file and call it “ExcelUtils” under the utils package as shown below.

package com.example.utils;

import org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.DataFormatter;
import org.apache.poi.xssf.usermodel.XSSFCell;
import org.apache.poi.xssf.usermodel.XSSFRow;
import org.apache.poi.xssf.usermodel.XSSFSheet;
import org.apache.poi.xssf.usermodel.XSSFWorkbook;

import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;

public class ExcelUtils {


    public static String testDataExcelPath = null; //Location of Test data excel file
    private static XSSFWorkbook excelWorkBook; //Excel WorkBook
    private static XSSFSheet excelWorkSheet; //Excel Sheet
    private static XSSFCell cell; //Excel cell
    private static XSSFRow row; //Excel row
    public static int rowNumber; //Row Number
    public static int columnNumber; //Column Number
    public static FileInputStream ExcelFile;

    public static DataFormatter formatter;
    public static FileOutputStream fileOut;


    // This method has two parameters: "Test data excel file name" and "Excel sheet name"
    // It creates FileInputStream and set excel file and excel sheet to excelWBook and excelWSheet variables.
    public static void setExcelFileSheet(String sheetName) throws IOException {

        testDataExcelPath = Constants.currentDir + Constants.resourcePath;

        // Open the Excel file
        ExcelFile = new FileInputStream(testDataExcelPath + Constants.testDataExcelFileName);
        excelWorkBook = new XSSFWorkbook(ExcelFile);
        excelWorkSheet = excelWorkBook.getSheet(sheetName);

    }

    //This method reads the test data from the Excel cell.
    public static String getCellData(int rowNum, int colNum) {
        cell = excelWorkSheet.getRow(rowNum).getCell(colNum);
        formatter = new DataFormatter();
        return formatter.formatCellValue(cell);
    }

    //This method takes row number as a parameter and returns the data of given row number.
    public static XSSFRow getRowData(int rowNum) {
        row = excelWorkSheet.getRow(rowNum);
        return row;
    }

    //This method gets excel file, row and column number and set a value to the that cell.
    public static void setCellData(String value, int rowNum, int colNum) throws IOException {
        row = excelWorkSheet.getRow(rowNum);
        cell = row.getCell(colNum);
        if (cell == null) {
            cell = row.createCell(colNum);
            cell.setCellValue(value);
        } else {
            cell.setCellValue(value);
        }

        // Write to the workbook
        fileOut = new FileOutputStream(testDataExcelPath + Constants.testDataExcelFileName);
        excelWorkBook.write(fileOut);
        fileOut.flush();
        fileOut.close();
    }
}

In this file, I wrote all Excel operation methods.

setExcelFileSheet: This method has two parameters: “testdata.xlsx” and “LoginData”. It creates FileInputStream and sets Excel file and Excel sheet to excelWorkBook and excelWorkSheet variables.

getCellData: This method reads the test data from the Excel cell. We are passing row numbers and column numbers as parameters.

getRowData: This method takes the row number as a parameter and returns the data of the given row number.

setCellData: This method gets an Excel file, row, and column number and sets a value to that cell.

Step 8 – Create a Listener Class

We need to create a TestNG Listener class to check the status of each of the tests.

import com.example.tests.BaseTests;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.testng.ITestContext;
import org.testng.ITestListener;
import org.testng.ITestResult;
import java.io.IOException;

public class TestListener implements ITestListener {

    private static String getTestMethodName(ITestResult iTestResult) {
        return iTestResult.getMethod().getConstructorOrMethod().getName();
    }

    @Override
    public void onStart(ITestContext iTestContext) {
        System.out.println("I am in onStart method :" + iTestContext.getName());
    }

    @Override
    public void onFinish(ITestContext iTestContext) {
        System.out.println("I am in onFinish method :" + iTestContext.getName());
    }

    @Override
    public void onTestStart(ITestResult iTestResult) {
        System.out.println("I am in onTestStart method :" + getTestMethodName(iTestResult) + ": start");
    }

    @Override
    public void onTestSuccess(ITestResult iTestResult)  {
        System.out.println("I am in onTestSuccess method :" + getTestMethodName(iTestResult) + ": succeed");
        try {
            ExcelUtils.setCellData("PASSED", ExcelUtils.rowNumber, ExcelUtils.columnNumber);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void onTestFailure(ITestResult iTestResult)  {
        System.out.println("I am in onTestFailure method :" + getTestMethodName(iTestResult) + " failed");
        try {
            ExcelUtils.setCellData("FAILED", ExcelUtils.rowNumber, ExcelUtils.columnNumber);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void onTestSkipped(ITestResult iTestResult) {
        System.out.println("I am in onTestSkipped method :" + getTestMethodName(iTestResult) + ": skipped");
        try {
            ExcelUtils.setCellData("SKIPPED", ExcelUtils.rowNumber, ExcelUtils.columnNumber);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void onTestFailedButWithinSuccessPercentage(ITestResult iTestResult) {
        System.out.println("Test failed but it is in defined success ratio " + getTestMethodName(iTestResult));
    }
}

Step 9 – Create a Constant Class

Create a new class file named “Constants” in the utils package in which the tester will define constants like URL, filePath, and excelData. The source code looks as below:

package com.example.utils;

public class Constants {

    public static final String testDataExcelFileName = "Test_Cases.xlsx"; //Global test data excel file
    public static final String currentDir = System.getProperty("user.dir");  //Main Directory of the project
    public static final String resourcePath = "\\src\\test\\resources\\";  //Main Directory of the project
    public static final String excelTestDataName = "LoginData";
}

Step 10 – Create a BaseTests Class

This BaseTests class contains the setup and tearDown methods to initialize the driver at the start of the test and exit the driver at the end of the test.

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import org.testng.annotations.AfterMethod;
import org.testng.annotations.BeforeMethod;

import java.time.Duration;

public class BaseTests {

    public static WebDriver driver;
    public final static int TIMEOUT = 10;

    @BeforeMethod
    public void setup() {

        ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
        options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins=*");
        options.addArguments("--no-sandbox");
        options.addArguments("--disable-dev-shm-usage");
        options.addArguments("--headless");
        driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
        driver.manage().window().maximize();
        driver.get("https://opensource-demo.orangehrmlive.com/");
        driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(TIMEOUT));

    }

    @AfterMethod
    public void tearDown() {
        driver.quit();
    }

}

Step 11 – Create a Test Excel File

Create a test file – Test_Cases.xlsx and place it in src/test/resources. I have stored the following data in the file.

Sno – Numbering of the test cases
Name – Name of the test case
Step_ID – Number of each step of a test case
Description – Detail of each keyword
Keyword – Keyword defined for each step
InputData – This is an optional field. We need this field to provide the input data like username, password, error message, and other validations.
ExpectedResponse – This is the response we expect to get from the execution for the particular test.
ActualResponse – This is the response we get after the execution of the particular test
Status – This could be pass, fail, skip

Step 12 – Create the Tests in src/test/java

In the below LoginPageTests class, we have 2 different tests and the test result will be saved in Test_Cases.xlsx file for both the tests.

package com.example.tests;

import com.example.keywords.HomePageKeywords;
import com.example.keywords.LoginPageKeywords;
import com.example.utils.Constants;
import com.example.utils.ExcelUtils;
import com.example.utils.TestListener;
import org.testng.Assert;
import org.testng.annotations.BeforeTest;
import org.testng.annotations.Listeners;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;

import java.io.IOException;

@Listeners({TestListener.class })
public class LoginPageTests extends BaseTests {

    String username;
    String password;
    String actualResponse;
    String expectedResponse;


    @BeforeTest
    public void setupTestData() throws IOException {

        System.out.println("Setup Test Data");
        ExcelUtils.setExcelFileSheet(Constants.excelTestDataName);
    }

    @Test
    public void validCredentials() throws IOException {

        username = ExcelUtils.getCellData(2,5);
        password = ExcelUtils.getCellData(3,5);
        expectedResponse = ExcelUtils.getCellData(5,6);

        LoginPageKeywords loginPage = new LoginPageKeywords(driver);

        loginPage.enterUsername(username);
        loginPage.enterPassword(password);
        loginPage.login();

        HomePageKeywords homePage = new HomePageKeywords(driver);
        actualResponse = homePage.verifyHomePage();

        ExcelUtils.setCellData(actualResponse,5,7);
        saveTestResults(5,8);
        Assert.assertEquals(actualResponse,expectedResponse);

    }

    @Test
    public void invalidCredentials() throws IOException {

        username = ExcelUtils.getCellData(9,5);
        password = ExcelUtils.getCellData(10,5);
        expectedResponse = ExcelUtils.getCellData(12,6);

        LoginPageKeywords loginPage = new LoginPageKeywords(driver);

        loginPage.enterUsername(username);
        loginPage.enterPassword(password);
        loginPage.login();

        actualResponse = loginPage.getErrorMessage();

        ExcelUtils.setCellData(actualResponse,12,7);
        saveTestResults(12,8);
        Assert.assertEquals(actualResponse,expectedResponse);

    }

}

Step 13 – Create testng.xml at the root of the project

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE suite SYSTEM "https://testng.org/testng-1.0.dtd">
<suite name="Keyword Driven Framework">
    <test name="Login Test">
        <classes>
            <class name="com.example.tests.LoginPageTests"/>
        </classes>
    </test> <!-- Test -->
</suite> <!-- Suite -->

Step 14 – Run the tests through testng.xml

Right-click on the testng.xml and select “Run ..testng.xml”.

The output of the above execution is

The Test_Cases.xlsx file will be updated with the actual response and the test execution status as shown in the below image.

Note – Make sure to close the excel workbook before starting the test execution, otherwise the test execution will be in the hung state.

Step 15 – View TestNG Reports

If you are using IntelliJ, the HTML Reports do not generate automatically. Go to the Configuration -> Listeners -> select Use default Reporters.

The TestNG Reports will be generated in test-output folder.

We are concerned about 2 reports – index.html and emailable-report.html.

index.html

emailable-report.html

Step 16 – Run the tests from command line

Use the below command to run the tests through the command line

mvn clean test

The output of the above programs is

Advantages of the Keyword-Driven Framework:

Separation of test data from test scripts allows for easier maintenance and updates.
Test cases can be designed by non-technical team members using keywords.
Reusability of test scripts and modular approach reduce duplication and improve efficiency.
Clear and concise reporting due to the separation of test data and expected results.

That’s it! Congratulations on making it through this tutorial and hope you found it useful! Happy Learning!!

The complete code can be found here – /vibssingh/KeywordDrivenFamework.

May 30, 2024May 8, 2025 vibssingh

Selenium Multiple Choice Answers – MCQ1

Last Updated On

May 8, 2025

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This post contains 25 useful Selenium multiple-choice questions (quiz) to self-test your knowledge of Selenium.

You can find the questions for the below-mentioned answers in this post –

Selenium Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ1

Answers

1) b) Selenium is the open-source test automated tool to test web-based UI which supports many different languages like Java, Python, Perl, PHP, Ruby, and C#.

2) a) Interface

WebDriver is an interface in Selenium which provides a simple interface to interact with and test web applications. It encompasses several implementations like ChromeDriver, FirefoxDriver, and others, each corresponding to different web browsers.

3) e) WebElement

WebElement is not considered a standalone component of Selenium; instead, it is an interface within Selenium WebDriver used to represent elements on a web page.

4) b) ASP

5) b) Compilation error- Cannot instantiate the type WebDriver

In Selenium, WebDriver is an interface, and you cannot instantiate an interface directly. You need to create an instance of a class that implements the WebDriver interface, such as ChromeDriver, FirefoxDriver, etc.

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

6) c) Chromedriver

To run Selenium WebDriver scripts on the Chrome browser, we use ChromeDriver.

// Initialize ChromeDriver
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

7) d) i, ii, iii

8) a) thread.sleep();

It can be used to pause the execution in Java (and consequently in Selenium tests) for a specified duration, it is not considered a Selenium-specific wait mechanism.

9) a) Yes

To know more about the Implicit Wait in Selenium, please refer to Implicit and Explicit Wait in Selenium WebDriver.

10) c) Both a and b

Example of Fluent Wait

To know more about the Fluent Wait in Selenium, please refer to What is Fluent Wait in Selenium WebDriver.

11) b) driver.close() closes the current window and d) driver.quit() closes every associated window with this driver and quits the driver

12) b) //tag-name[@attribute=’attribute value’]

13) a) isDisplayed()

It returns true if the element is visible and false if it is not.

14) b) isEnabled()

It returns true if the element is enabled and false if it is not.

15) b) StaleElementReferenceException

This exception is thrown when a web element that was previously located is no longer present in the DOM (Document Object Model). If the web page is refreshed or modified after locating an element, the reference to that element may become stale, leading to this exception.

16) b) .*

17) a) WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.xpath(“//*[contains(text(), ‘ QAAutomation’)]”));

18) d) None

Correct commands are

driver.navigate().to("https://www.qaautomation.expert");
driver.get("https://www.qaautomation.expert");

19) a) i & ii

i. navigate().to("url") - driver.navigate().to("https://www.qaautomation.expert");
ii. open("url") - driver.get("https://www.qaautomation.expert");

20) a) sendKeys() is used to enter the text inthe textbox.

// Locate the text box element
WebElement textBox = driver.findElement(By.id("textboxId"));

// Enter text into the text box
textBox.sendKeys("Sample text");

21) c) List of WebElements

22) c) driver.manage().window().maximize();

To know more about the maximizing the window in Selenium, please refer to How to maximize and minimize the window in Selenium.

23) b) findElements(By.XPath)

24) a) element.clear()

25) a) Select

Select class allows us to select and deselect options by visible text, index, or value.

To learn more about Select class, please refer to this tutorial – How to Select value from Drop down list or perform Multiple Selection Operations in WebDriver

May 22, 2024January 6, 2025 vibssingh

Advanced Selenium Interview Questions and Answers 2025

Last Updated On

January 6, 2025

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1. What is a Selenium Maven project?

A Selenium Maven project is a software project that uses Maven as a build and project management tool and incorporates the Selenium WebDriver library for automated testing of web applications. Maven is a popular open-source build automation and project management tool. The pom.xml file is an important configuration file in Maven projects. It contains information about the project, its dependencies, plugins, build settings, and more. Selenium dependencies, along with other project-specific dependencies, are specified in this file.

2. What is the Selenium Grid, and how does it work?

Selenium Grid is a tool in the Selenium suite used for distributing and running tests across multiple machines (nodes) simultaneously. It allows you to execute tests in parallel, thereby reducing the overall test execution time. Selenium Grid consists of two main components: a hub and multiple nodes.

Grid can run tests (in parallel) against multiple different browsers, and it can run against multiple instances of the same browser. As an example, let’s imagine a Grid with six Nodes. The first machine has Firefox’s latest version, the second has Firefox “latest minus one”, the third gets the latest Chrome, and the remaining three machines are Mac Minis, which allows for three tests to run in parallel on the latest version of Safari.

Number of Tests * Average Test Time / Number of Nodes = Total Execution Time
 
15      *       45s        /        1        =      11m 15s   // Without Grid
15      *       45s        /        5        =      2m 15s    // Grid with 5 Nodes
15      *       45s        /        15       =      45s       // Grid with 15 Nodes

To know more about the steps to configure Selenium4, please refer to Selenium 4 Grid – Parallel Testing.

3. Is the Selenium grid suitable for performance testing?

I won’t suggest using the Selenium grid for the performance testing. Selenium Grid is primarily designed for distributed functional testing across different browsers and environments. Selenium Grid is focused on automating browser interactions and testing the functionality of web applications rather than assessing their performance.

Some popular options for performance testing include:

1. Apache JMeter: JMeter is an open-source tool widely used for load and performance testing. It allows you to simulate heavy user loads by sending HTTP requests to your application and measuring various performance metrics.

2. Gatling: Gatling is another open-source load testing tool that uses Scala as its scripting language. It provides a high-performance engine capable of generating large amounts of concurrent users while collecting detailed metrics.

3. LoadRunner: LoadRunner is a commercial tool from Micro Focus that offers a wide range of features for load and performance testing. It supports various protocols, including web-based applications, mobile apps, databases, etc., allowing you to simulate realistic user behaviour.

4. List out some of the automation tools that could be integrated with Selenium to achieve continuous testing.

1. Jenkins is an open-source automation server that supports building, deploying, and automating any project. It can be used to schedule and manage Selenium test executions, integrating with version control systems and reporting tools.

2. GitLab Pipelines is a continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) feature provided by GitLab, a web-based Git repository manager. It enables developers to automate the process of building, testing, and deploying their applications. GitLab Pipelines are defined in a file called .gitlab-ci.yml that is typically stored in the root of your repository.

3. GitHub Actions is a continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) platform provided by GitHub.Workflows are defined using YAML files stored in a directory called .github/workflows in the GitHub repository.

4. AWS CodePipeline is a fully managed continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) service provided by Amazon Web Services (AWS). I

5. Azure Pipelines is a cloud-based continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) service provided by Microsoft Azure. Azure Pipelines supports deployment to a variety of targets, including virtual machines, container orchestration platforms like Kubernetes, and platform-as-a-service (PaaS) environments like Azure App Service.

6. Docker is a containerization platform that allows you to create, deploy, and run applications in containers. Selenium tests can be run in Docker containers to ensure consistency and reproducibility across different environments.

5. Explain the methods used to handle dynamic web elements using Selenium?

Dynamic web elements can be handled using different methods such as:-

1. Explicit Waits: Explicit waits allow you to wait for a specific condition to occur before proceeding with the next steps in your test script. This is useful when dealing with dynamic elements that may take some time to load or become interactable.

2. Implicit Waits: Implicit waits instruct Selenium to wait for a certain amount of time before throwing an exception if an element is not immediately available. While implicit waits can be helpful, they apply globally and may introduce unnecessary delays in your test scripts.

3. XPath or CSS Selectors: XPath and CSS selectors are powerful tools for locating elements on a web page based on their attributes, structure, or position relative to other elements. They provide flexibility in identifying dynamic elements even when their properties change.

6. How do you deal with stale element exceptions in Selenium?

StaleElementReferenceException is a common exception that occurs in Selenium when an element on the web page becomes stale or no longer valid. This typically happens when the DOM (Document Object Model) of the page changes, such as after a page refresh or when an element is modified dynamically.

To handle this exception, you can refresh the page, refreshing the page before attempting to interact with the element again. This helps ensure that you are working with an updated version of the DOM or try to locate the element again using a different locator strategy.

7. How can we move to the nth-child element using XPath?

We can move to the nth-child element using XPath by using the following expression:

(//parentElement/*)[n]

In the above XPath expression:
– `parentElement` represents the parent element that contains multiple child elements.
– `n` is the index number of the desired child element.

For instance, if you want to move to the 5th child element under a parent div, you would use `(//div/*)[5]`. This will select and navigate to the 5th child element under any div on the page.

8. Explain how you would perform parallel test execution using Selenium WebDriver.

1. TestNG and JUnit are popular testing frameworks that support parallel execution.

2. JUnit 5 also supports parallel execution via the @Execution(Execution.Mode.CONCURRENT) annotation.

3. Selenium Grid provides a built-in solution for parallel test execution across various browsers and devices.

4. Docker containers can be used to create isolated environments for running tests in parallel.

5. Cloud-based testing platforms like Sauce Labs, BrowserStack, or LambdaTest offer parallel execution capabilities. They provide infrastructure to run tests in parallel across various configurations (browsers, devices, operating systems) and environments.

To know more about parallel testing using TestNG, refer to How to run Parallel Tests in Selenium with TestNG.

9. Is it possible to test APIs or web services using Selenium Webdriver?

No, we cannot test APIs or web services using Selenium Webdriver as it is designed to test web-based applications.

To test APIs or web services effectively, you would typically use specialized API testing tools or libraries that are specifically designed for this purpose. Some popular tools and libraries for API testing include:

1. Postman: Postman is a comprehensive API testing tool that allows you to create and execute API requests, automate testing workflows, and perform various types of tests, including functional, performance, and security testing.

2. REST Assured: REST Assured is a powerful Java library for testing RESTful APIs. It provides a simple and expressive syntax for writing API tests and supports various authentication mechanisms, request and response validation, and more.

10. Is it possible to test the database using Selenium?

No, we cannot test the database using Selenium WebDriver as it is designed to test web-based applications. For comprehensive and thorough database testing, it’s recommended to use appropriate tools specifically designed for working with databases such as SQL clients (e.g., MySQL Workbench).

11. What is the Page Object Model in Selenium?

The Page Object Model (POM) is a design pattern used in Selenium automation testing to enhance test code maintainability, reusability, and readability. It promotes the concept of creating separate classes for each web page or component of an application being tested.

In POM, each web page or component is represented by its own class file, known as a “Page Object.” These Page Objects encapsulate the elements, actions, and behaviors associated with that specific page or component. They provide a higher-level abstraction layer that makes it easier to interact with the application under test.

For more details, click here

12. What are the different types of frameworks in Selenium?

1. Data-Driven Framework: It uses external data sources such as CSV or Excel files to drive the test execution.

2. Keyword-Driven Framework: A keyword-driven framework involves creating reusable keywords or actions that represent specific operations on the application. Test scripts are written using these keywords, making them more readable and easier to maintain. It uses specific keywords to execute test cases. A keyword-driven framework involves creating reusable keywords or actions that represent specific operations on the application under test. Test scripts are written using these keywords, making them more readable and easier to maintain.

3. Hybrid Framework: It is a combination of both Data-Driven and Keyword-Driven frameworks.

4. Page Object Model (POM) Framework: The POM framework promotes the concept of creating separate classes for each web page or component being tested. Each class represents a “Page Object” that encapsulates elements, actions, and behaviors associated with that specific page/component.

5. Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) framework: BDD frameworks like Cucumber or SpecFlow allow you to write tests in a human-readable format using Given-When-Then syntax. They promote collaboration between developers, testers, and business stakeholders by providing a common language for defining requirements and automating acceptance criteria.

13. How can you redirect browsing from a browser through some proxy?

A proxy server acts as an intermediary for requests between a client and a server. In simple terms, the traffic flows through the proxy server on its way to the address you requested and back. Selenium provides a PROXY class to redirect browsing from a proxy.

import org.openqa.selenium.Proxy;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
 
public class ProxyDemo {
 
    public static void main(String[] args) {
 
        // Set the proxy server details
        String proxyAddress = "localhost";
        int proxyPort = 8080;
 
        // Create a Proxy object and set the HTTP proxy details
        Proxy proxy = new Proxy();
        proxy.setHttpProxy(proxyAddress + ":" + proxyPort);
 
        // Configure Chrome options with the Proxy object
        ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
        options.setProxy(proxy);
        options.addArguments("start-maximized");
 
        // Instantiate ChromeDriver with the configured options
        WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
 
 
        // Perform your browsing actions using the driver
        driver.get("https://www.google.com");
        System.out.println("Page Title :" + driver.getTitle());
 
        // Close the browser session
        driver.quit();
    }
}

14. Does Selenium has in-built reporting?

No, Selenium does not have built-in reporting capabilities. However, you can integrate Selenium with various reporting frameworks and tools to generate detailed test reports.

Some popular reporting frameworks that can be used with Selenium include:

TestNG – TestNG is a testing framework that provides built-in reporting features such as HTML reports, XML reports, and custom report generation.

ExtentReports – ExtentReports is reporting library for generating interactive and comprehensive test reports in HTML format.

Allure Framework – Allure Framework is an open-source tool that generates visually appealing and informative test reports with rich features like history trends, attachments, and categorization of tests.

Serenity Reports – If we are using Serenity for behavior-driven development (BDD), it generates detailed and interactive reports with all the necessary information in HTML format.

Cucumber Reports – If you are using Cucumber for behavior-driven development (BDD), it provides its own reporting mechanism to generate detailed reports in different formats like HTML or JSON.

15. Does Selenium support cross-browser testing?

Yes, Selenium supports cross-browser testing. Cross-browser testing is the process of executing automated tests on various web browsers to verify that a web application functions correctly and consistently across different browser environments.

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(); // For Chrome

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(); // For Firefox

WebDriver driver = new EdgeDriver(); // For Edge

To know more, please refer to this – Cross Browser Testing using Selenium and TestNG.

16. How would you optimize your Selenium scripts for speed and performance?

Optimizing Selenium scripts for speed and performance is key to decreasing execution time. To optimize Selenium scripts for speed and performance, you can consider the following strategies:

1.Use headless mode – Running tests in headless mode allows the execution of browser automation without the graphical user interface (GUI), which can significantly improve performance by reducing rendering time and resource consumption.

2. Optimize data handling – When dealing with large datasets or repetitive operations, optimize data handling techniques such as reading data from external files (e.g., CSV) instead of hardcoding it within the script itself.

3. Proper use of wait – Instead of using long static wait times, leverage implicit waits or dynamic waits that wait only until a specific condition is met (e.g., element visibility or presence). This helps reduce unnecessary waiting time during script execution.

4. Parallelize test execution – If your test suite contains multiple independent tests, consider running them in parallel across multiple threads or machines using tools like TestNG or JUnit’s parallel execution features. This approach can help save time by utilizing available resources efficiently.

17. How do you handle security testing in Selenium?

1. Security testing plays a crucial role in testing an application. There are several techniques we can use for Security Testing in Selenium:

2. Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) – Cross-site scripting (XSS) is an attack in which an attacker injects malicious executable scripts into the code of a trusted application or website. Create test for XSS vulnerabilities by injecting script tags or malicious code into input fields and verifying if they get executed on the page.

3. Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) – Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) is an attack that forces an end user to execute unwanted actions on a web application in which they’re currently authenticated. Automate tests to verify if CSRF tokens are properly implemented and protect against unauthorized requests being made on behalf of a user.

4. Regularly update test data and configurations: Keep your test data up-to-date to reflect any changes made to how an application handles its anti-CSRF measures (e.g., updated field names, header formats).

5. Vulnerability scanning tools – Integrate vulnerability scanning tools like OWASP ZAP or Burp Suite into your Selenium tests to identify common security issues automatically.

6. Validate if sensitive information like session IDs or tokens are not exposed in URLs or stored insecurely.

7. We can make sure that the Selenium scripts are configured to work with SSL-secured websites by using the appropriate browser capabilities or options.

18. Can we integrate Selenium Framework with CI/CD pipelines? If yes, then explain.

Selenium can be integrated with CI/CD pipelines. It involves a series of steps that can help automate the testing process, ensuring that your code is always in a deployable state.

We need to create Configuration file that will define the CI/CD Pipelines

For Jenkins, this could be a Jenkinsfile.
For GitLab CI, you use .gitlab-ci.yml.
For GitHub CI, you use .maven.yml. Yml file name is not fixed here.
For CircleCI, you use .circleci/config.yml.
For Travis CI, you use .travis.yml.

Selenium tests need to be headless to be able to run in any pipeline.

Implementation Steps

Implementation Steps

1. Add the dependencies

2. Setup ChromeOptions and open the browser

3. Download the PDF Document

4. Create a content stream to write to the PDF

1. Add the dependencies

2. Download the PDF Document

3. Read the PDF Content

What is ToolTip?

Implementation Steps

Locate the Tooltip Element

Hover Over the Element

Retrieve Tooltip Text

Validate the Text

What is a Keyword Driven Framework?

Project Structure

Dependency List

Implementation Steps

Step 1- Download and Install Java

Step 2 – Download and setup Eclipse IDE on the system

Step 3 – Setup Maven

Step 4 – Create a new Maven Project

Step 5 – Add Selenium, TestNG, and Apache POI dependencies to the project

Step 6 – Create a Java Keyword Class for each page

Step 7 – Create an ExcelUtils Class

Step 8 – Create a Listener Class

Step 9 – Create a Constant Class

Step 10 – Create a BaseTests Class

Step 11 – Create a Test Excel File

Step 12 – Create the Tests in src/test/java

Step 13 – Create testng.xml at the root of the project

Step 14 – Run the tests through testng.xml

Step 15 – View TestNG Reports

Step 16 – Run the tests from command line

1. What is a Selenium Maven project?

2. What is the Selenium Grid, and how does it work?

3. Is the Selenium grid suitable for performance testing?

4. List out some of the automation tools that could be integrated with Selenium to achieve continuous testing.

5. Explain the methods used to handle dynamic web elements using Selenium?

6. How do you deal with stale element exceptions in Selenium?

7. How can we move to the nth-child element using XPath?

8. Explain how you would perform parallel test execution using Selenium WebDriver.

9. Is it possible to test APIs or web services using Selenium Webdriver?

10. Is it possible to test the database using Selenium?

11. What is the Page Object Model in Selenium?

12. What are the different types of frameworks in Selenium?

13. How can you redirect browsing from a browser through some proxy?

14. Does Selenium has in-built reporting?

15. Does Selenium support cross-browser testing?

16. How would you optimize your Selenium scripts for speed and performance?

17. How do you handle security testing in Selenium?

18. Can we integrate Selenium Framework with CI/CD pipelines? If yes, then explain.