WebDriver Browser Commands – get, getTitle, getCurrentUrl, getPageSource, getClass, close, quit in Selenium WebDriver

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WebDriver is a tool for automating web application testing, and in particular, to verify that they work as expected. WebDriver is design to provide a simpler, more concise programming interface in addition to addressing some limitations in the Selenium-RC API. Selenium-WebDriver was develop to better support dynamic web pages where elements of a page may change without the page itself being reload. WebDriver’s goal is to supply a well-designed object-oriented API that provides improved support for modern advanced web-app testing problems.

In this tutorial, we are discussing about below mentioned topics:-
1) How to access the methods of WebDriver?
2) Various Browser Commands

get()
getTitle()
getCurrentUrl()
getPageSource()
getClass()
close()
quit()

How to access the methods of WebDriver?

To access a method of WebDriver, you need to create a driver object from WebDriver and press. dot key. This will list all the methods. Here, you can see that I have used driver.get, so it will show all the methods starts with get.

Method Name – I have explained earlier about Method. A method is a block of code that is use to perform certain actions. Method runs when it is call. Method name is the name of method we are going to use.

Parameter Data Type – It is pass as an argument to the method to perform certain operation. Here, string data type is use as an argument.

Return Type – Methods can return values like getTitle() : String as string is here the return type. In the above example, return type is void means do not return anything.

Browser Commands

1) Get – This command loads a new web page in the current browser window and open the webpage mentioned as argument. It accepts string as parameter and void means returns nothing.

Syntax

get(String arg0) : void

Command

Command - driver.get(URL)

2) Get Title – This command retrieves the title of current web page. It does not accept any parameter and returns a string value.

Syntax

getTitle() : String

Command

driver.getTitle()

3) Get Current URL – This command retrieves the URL of current web page. It does not accept any parameter and returns a string value.

Syntax

getCurrentUrl() : String

Command

driver.getCurrentUrl();

4) Get Page Source – This command returns the page source of current web page. . It does not accept any parameter and returns a string value.

Syntax

getPageSource() : String

Command

driver.getPageSource();

5) Get Class – The command is use to retrieve the Class object that represents the runtime class of this object.

Syntax

getClass()

Command

driver.getClass();

6) Close – This command is use to close the current web browser, which is controlled by WebDriver. This command does not require any parameter and void means return nothing.

Syntax

close(): void

Command

driver.close()

7) Quit – This command close all the browsers opened by webDriver. This command does not require any parameter and void means return nothing.

Syntax

quit(): void

Command

driver.quit();

Now, let us write a small program to show the use of methods of WebDriver.

Launch a new Firefox browser
Open facebook.com
Get Page Title name and print
Get Page URL and print on Eclipse Console
Get Page Source (HTML Source code) and Page Source length and print Page length
Get Runtime class name of the object
Close the Browser

import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;

public class Selenium_Browser_Commands {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws {
         System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver",
                                              "C:\\Users\\Vibha\\Desktop\\SeleniumKT\\geckodriver-v0.27.0-win64\\geckodriver.exe");
 
             // Create a new instance of the Firefox driver 
             WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
             driver.manage().window().maximize();
 
            // Set implicit wait of 60 seconds
             driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(60, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
 
            // Launch a new web page and load Facebook using Get Command
             driver.get("https://www.facebook.com/");
 
             // Get the Title of web page
             String PageTitle = driver.getTitle();
             System.out.println("Title of page is :"+ PageTitle);
 
             // Get URL of current web page
             String PageURL = driver.getCurrentUrl();
             System.out.println("URL of current page is :" + PageURL);
 
             // Get Source code of current web page
             String PageSource = driver.getPageSource();
             int PageSource_Length = PageSource.length();
             System.out.println("Length of page source of current page is :" + PageSource_Length);
 
              // Get Runtime class of this object
              Class<? extends WebDriver> className = driver.getClass();
              System.out.println("className :" + className);
 
              // Close the current web page
              driver.close();
        } 
}

Output
Title of page is :Facebook – log in or sign up
URL of current page is :https://www.facebook.com/
Length of page source of current page is :293624
className :class org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver

April 18, 2019September 20, 2023 vibssingh

Dynamic XPath in Selenium WebDriver

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In the previous tutorial, I explained various locators like id, className, tagName, name, linktext, and partiallinktext present in Selenium to locate web elements on the web page. In this tutorial, I will explain about another type of locator called XPath.

In Selenium automation, if you are unable to locate a web element using id, class, name, etc, then XPath comes into the picture to locate the web element. The full form of XPath is XML Path. It is used to locate a web element on a web page using HTML DOM structure. To know more about the path, refer to my previous blog. Below is the syntax of XPath

//: select the current node.
tagname: name of the tag of a particular node.
@: to select attribute.
Attribute: name of the attribute of the node.
Value: value of the attribute

1) Basic XPath

XPath’s expression selects nodes based on ID, class, etc. from an XML web page.

Go to http://www.facebook.com and inspect the Email or Phone textbox. How to inspect a web element on the web page is explained in the previous blog. Some of the basic examples of XPath is displayed below:

By.xpath("//input[@name='email']")
By.xpath("//input[@id=’email’]")
By.xpath("//input[@type='email']")
By.xpath("//input[@class=’inputtext’]")
By.xpath("//*[@class=’inputtext’]")
By.xpath("//input[@class=’inputtext’][@type='email']")

In the last example, we have created XPath using multiple attributes for the single HTML tag.

Syntax

By.xpath("//a[@href='https://www.facebook.com/']")

2) Contains

It is used if the value of any web element changes dynamically. Using this expression, you can find the element with partial text.

Syntax

By.xpath("//*[contains(@name,'passwd_')]")

3) OR & AND

OR & AND expression uses 2 conditions to identify a web element.

In the case of OR, if any of the conditions is true, then the element will be located. Whereas in the case of AND, both the conditions should be true to locate the element.

Syntax

By.xpath("//*[@class='inputtext' or @name='email']")

Here, if you observe, class – ‘inputtext’ is same for 2 web elements, so with OR condition it will locate 2 web elements.

Syntax

By.xpath("//*[@class='inputtext' and @name='email']")

4) Start-with function

This function finds the web elements whose value changes dynamically. In the expression, we will use that value of the web element which doesn’t change. Let’s see a small example of using the start-with() function.

Syntax

By.xpath("//*[starts-with(@id,'yui_3_18_0_3_1555510217471_')]")

5) Text()

This expression is used with the text function to locate an element with exact text. Let me show you how to use the Text() method.

Syntax

By.xpath("//*[text(),"Create an account"]")

6) Last()

Select the last element (of the mentioned type) out of all input elements present.

Syntax

By.xpath("//input[@type='text'])[last()]")

There are 5 web elements with input type -text. But with this expression, it has selected the last one.

7) Position()

Selects the element out of all input elements present depending on the position number provided

Syntax

By.xpath("//input[@type='text'])[2]")

8) Following

By using this, we could select everything on the web page after the closing tag of the current node.

The xpath of firstname is as follows:-

By.xpath("//*[@name='firstname']")

To identify the input field of type text after the FirstName field, we need to use the below XPath.

By.xpath("//*[@name='firstname']//following::input[@type='text']")

To identify just the input field after the FirstName field, we need to use the below XPath.

By.xpath("//*[@name=’firstname’]//following::input[1]")

9) Preceding

Selects all nodes that appear before the current node in the document, except ancestors, attribute nodes, and namespace nodes.

The XPath of the LastName field is as follows

By.xpath("//*[@name='lastname']")

To identify the web element before lastname field is as follows

By.xpath("//*[@name='lastname']//preceding::input[1]")

To identify the input field of type text before the LastName field, we need to use below XPath

By.xpath("[@name='lastname']//preceding::input[@type='text']")

Now, let’s write a small program to show the use of XPath. In this program,

Firefox is used as the browser.
The path of the Mozilla Firefox driver is set by using System.SetProperty. Mozilla Firefox driver is called gecko, so do not get confused.
driver.get is used to navigate to amazon site. The search box of the webpage is located using XPath – (“//*[@id=’twotabsearchtextbox’]”))
sendkeys() is used to search for value hard drive.
Search Button is clicked by using XPath – (“//*[@class=’nav-input’]”))

import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit; 
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
 
public class Selenium_Site { 
      public static void main(String[] args) {
              System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver","C:\\Users\\vibha\\Downloads\\geckodriver-v0.24.0-win64\\geckodriver.exe");
            WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
            driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(60, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
            driver.get("https://www.amazon.com//");
            driver.manage().window().maximize();

            //XPath for Search box
            driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='twotabsearchtextbox']")).sendKeys("hard drive");

            //XPath for search button
            driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@class='nav-input']")).click();
     }
}

April 3, 2019September 6, 2024 vibssingh

Methods in Java

Last Updated On

September 6, 2024

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A method is a block of code that is use to perform certain actions. Method runs when it called. Method allow us to reuse the code. Methods are essentially functions within a class that define the behavior of the class or objects created from that class.

Types of methods in Java

Standard Library methods
User defined methods

Standard Library Method

They are built-in Java methods are readily available to use. For example, sqrt() is a Method of Math and returns square root of a number.

User-defined Method

User can define a method inside a class as per his/her wish.

How to create a Method?

modifier returnType nameOfMethod (Parameter List) {
   // method body  }

Here,

modifier − It defines the access type of the method like public, protected, default, private
returnType − Method may return a value or not. Void does not return any value.
nameOfMethod − This is the method name. The method signature consists of the method name and the parameter list.
Parameter List − The list of parameters, it is the type, order, and number of parameters of a method. These are optional, method may contain zero parameters.
method body − The method body defines what the method does with the statements.

public static int methodName(int a, int b) {
      // body
   }

Below is an example of method.

public class Method_Example {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        //Standard Library Method
        System.out.println("Square root of 9 is : " + Math.sqrt(9));

        //User defined Method
        MyMethod();
    }

    public static void MyMethod()
    {
        System.out.println("My User defined Method");
    }
}

The output of the above program is

Java Methods with Arguments and Return Value

A Java method can have zero or more parameters, and they may return a value.

public class Min_Method {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int a = 10;
        int b = 5;
        int c = minMethod(a,b);
                System.out.println("Minimum value is :" + c);
    }

    //Define function min_function
    public static int minMethod(int x, int y)
    {
        int min;
        if (x>y)
            min =y;
        else
            min = x;
        //return value
        return min;
    }
}

The output of the above program is

In the above example, minMethod() method is if return type int and returning the value of variable min.

Void Keyword

The void keyword allows us to create methods that do not return a value. When a method’s return type is void, it means that the method performs some operation or task but does not produce any result that needs to be returned to the caller.

public class Min_Method {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        int a = 10;
        int b = 5;

        //Call function
        minMethod(a,b);
    }

    //Define function min_function
    public static void minMethod(int x, int y)
    {
        int min;
        if(x>y)
            min =y;
        else
            min = x;
        System.out.println("Minimum value is :" + min);
    }
}

The output of the above program is

In the above example, minMethod() method is if return type void, so it is not returning any value.

Method Overloading

When a class has two or more methods by the same name but different parameters, it known as method overloading. To know more about method overloading, click here.

public class Overloading_Example {
    
        public static void main(String[] args) {

            int a= 10;
            int b = 24;
            double c = 12.0;
            double d = 13.0;
            min_function(a, b);
            min_function(c,d);
        }

        public static void min_function(int x, int y)
        {
            int min;
            if(x>y)
                min = y;
            else
                min = x;

            System.out.println("Minimum value for integer is :"+ min);
        }

        public static void min_function(double m, double n)
        {
            double min;
            if(m>n)
                min=n;
            else
                min=m;
            System.out.println("Minimum value for integer is :"+ min);
        }
    }

The output of the above program is

What is main method in Java?

The main()method is the entry point into the application. The signature of the method is always: public static void main(String[] args).

public: The main method is typically declared as public so that it can be accessed from outside the class.
static: The main method is declared as static because it belongs to the class rather than any specific instance of the class.
void: The main method does not return any value.
String[] args: The main method accepts an array of strings as arguments, which can be used to pass command-line arguments to the Java program.

March 28, 2019June 28, 2025 vibssingh

Loop Control Statements in Java – For, While, Do While, Enhanched For Loop

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What is Loop Control?

There is a probability that we need to execute a block of code multiple times. Therefore, instead of writing the same piece of code multiple times, Java or any other programming language provide loop control statements. There are 3 types of loops in Java:-

for Loop
while Loop
do-while loop

1) For Loop

For loop execute a block of code a number of times . In For loop, we first intialize the variable, check condition and increment/decrement value. It consists of 4 parts:-

Initialization: It is the initial condition which is executed once when the loop starts. Here, we can initialize the variable, or we can use an already initialized variable.

Condition: It is the second condition which is executed each time to test the condition of the loop. It continues execution until the condition is false. It must return boolean value either true or false.

Statement: The statement of the loop is executed each time until the second condition is false.

Increment/Decrement: It increments or decrements the variable value.

Syntax

for(Variable Initialization; Boolean_Expression Test; Increment/Decrement){
   //Statements
    }
 
    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
    System.out.println(i);
    }

Example

   public class For_loop {
     public static void main(String[] args) {
       for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
    {
       System.out.println("Value of i is: "+i);
    }
   System.out.println("-----------------------------------------------------");
       for (int j=5;j>0;j--)
       {
              System.out.println("Value of j is: "+j);
        }
     }
   }
 
Output
Value of i is: 0
Value of i is: 1
Value of i is: 2
Value of i is: 3
Value of i is: 4
--------------------------------------------------------
Value of j is: 5
Value of j is: 4
Value of j is: 3
Value of j is: 2
Value of j is: 1

Statement 1 sets a variable before the loop starts (int i = 0).
Statement 2 defines the condition for the loop to run (i must be less than 5). If the condition is true, the loop will start over again, if it is false, the loop will end.
Statement 3 increases a value (i++) each time the code block in the loop has been executed.

2) While Loop

The Java while loop is used to iterate a part of the program several times. If the number of iteration is not fixed, it is recommended to use while loop.

Syntax

   while(Boolean_Expression Test)
    {
        //Statements
    }

Example

  public class While_Loop {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
       int i=0;
       while (i<15)
       {
            i=i+3;
            System.out.println("Value of i is :"+i);
         }
  System.out.println("--------------------------------------------"); 
  // In this case, value of j will be 0 and it will run infinite times. 
    int j=0;
    while(j<15)
    System.out.println("Value of j is :"+j);
    {
       j=j+3;
    }
  }
 }

Output
Value of i is :3
Value of i is :6
Value of i is :9
Value of i is :12
Value of i is :15
--------------------------------------------
Value of j is :0
Value of j is :0

3) What is the difference between for and while loop?

While loop is used in situations where we do not know how many times loop needs to be executed beforehand.
For loop is used where we already know about the number of times loop needs to be executed. Typically for a index used in iteration.

4) Do While Loop

A do while loop is exactly similar to while loop and the only difference between two is that the do while loop executes the statement at least one time. As it start with do keyword and the boolean expression appears at the end of the loop.

Syntax

   do{
         //Statements
       }while(Boolean_Expression Test);

Example

public class Do_While_Loop {
       public static void main(String[] args) {  
         int i=0;
          do 
          {
             i=i+3
             System.out.println("Value of i is :"+i);
           }
           while (i<15);
           System.out.println("-------------------------------------------");
           //Condition is already satisfied, still 1 round of execution
           int j=10;
           do
          {
            j=j+2;
            System.out.println("Value of i is :"+j);
           }
       while (j<10);
       }
   } 
   
Output
Value of i is :3
Value of i is :6
Value of i is :9
Value of i is :12
Value of i is :15
-----------------------------------------------------
Value of i is :12

5) What is the difference between While Loop or do- while loop?

1) while loop first check the condition then enter the body whereas do-while first enter the body and then check the condition.
2) while is a entry controlled loop whereas do-while is an exit controlled loop.
3) In while, condition comes before the body whereas in do-while, condition comes after the body.

6) Enhanced for loop in Java

It is used to traverse array or collection in java. It is easier to use than simple for loop because we don’t need to increment value and use subscript notation.

It works on elements basis, not index. It returns element one by one in the defined variable.

Syntax

for (data_type variable: array_name)

Example

public class Enhanced_Loop {
       public static void main(String[] args) {

          // Array of String storing days of the week
           String days[] = { "Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thr", "Fri", "Sat", "Sun"};
           
           // Enhanced for loop, this will automatically iterate on the array list 
           for (String dayName : days) 
          {
             System.out.println("Days ==> "+ dayName);
           }
             System.out.println("");
             
             // Normal for loop
           for (int i=0; i < days.length; i++) {
               System.out.println("Days ==> "+ days[i]);
           }
       }
   }

Output
Days ==> Mon
Days ==> Tue
Days ==> Wed
Days ==> Thr
Days ==> Fri
Days ==> Sat
Days ==> Sun 
 
Days ==> Mon
Days ==> Tue
Days ==> Wed
Days ==> Thr
Days ==> Fri
Days ==> Sat
Days ==> Sun

March 15, 2019July 9, 2021 vibssingh

Decision Making in Java – If, If Else, Switch, Break, Continue

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Decision making in Java is same as real life decision making. I remember during my childhood, my father had told me once that if I get 1st rank in class will get a bicycle, else if 2nd will get a walk man, else if 3rd video game else nothing. This is an ideal example of if-else scenario. If a particular condition is true, then execute the specified block of code. In programming language too, we execute certain lines of code if the condition is satisfied. In programming language too, we follow the similar concept, such as

• Block of code to be executed, if a specified condition is true
• Use else to specify a block of code to be executed, if the same condition is false
• Use else if to specify a new condition to test, if the first condition is false
• Use switch to specify many alternative blocks of code to be executed

The if condition

if (condition) {
    // block of code to be executed if the condition is true

public class Java_Demo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int x=50;
        int y=10;
       
	    if(x>y)
       {
            System.out.println("x is greater than y");
       }
    }
}

Output
x is greater than y

If we do not provide the curly braces ‘{‘ and ‘}’ after if(condition ) then by default if statement will consider the immediate one statement to be inside its block. For example,

if(condition)
     statement1;
     statement2;

// Here if the condition is true, if block will consider only statement1 to be inside its block.

Use the else statement to specify a block of code to be executed if the condition is false.

The else Statement

if (condition) {
    // block of code to be executed if the condition is true
   } else { 
    // block of code to be executed if the condition is false
   }

 public class Java_Demo {
     public static void main(String[] args) {
         int x=5;
         int y=10;
         if(x>y)
            {
                System.out.println("x is greater than y");
            }
          else
            {
                System.out.println("y is greater than x");
            }
        }
    }

Output
y is greater than x

The else if Statement Use the else if statement to specify a new condition if first condition is false.

If (condition1) {
     // block of code to be executed if condition1 is true
   } else if (condition2) {
    // block of code to be executed if the condition1 is false and condition2 is true
   } else {
    // block of code to be executed if the condition1 is false and condition2 is  false
   }

public class Java_Demo {

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		int x = 10;
		int y = 10;
		if (x > y) {
			System.out.println("x is greater than y");
		} else if (y > x) {
			System.out.println("y is greater than x");
		} else {
			System.out.println("x is equal to y");
		}
	}
}

Output
x is equal to y

Switch Statement

The switch expression is evaluate once.
The value of the expression is compare with the values of each case.
If there is a match, the associated block of code is execute.
The break and default keywords are optional

Use the switch statement to select one of many code blocks to execute. It is use to replace multilevel if-else-if statement.
However, the switch statement can be use only if the conditions based on the same constant value.

  switch(expression) {
       case x:
      // code block
       break;
       case y:
     // code block
       break;
      default:
      // code block
   }

The default statement is use as the last statement in a switch block; it does not need a break.

When Java reaches a break keyword, it breaks out of the switch block.

public class Switch_Statement {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
		int month_no = 3;
		switch (month_no) {
		case 1:
			System.out.println("January");
			break;
		case 2:
			System.out.println("February");
			break;
		case 3:
			System.out.println("March");
			break;
		case 4:
			System.out.println("April");
			break;
		case 5:
			System.out.println("May");
			break;
		case 6:
			System.out.println("June");
			break;
		default:
			System.out.println("Rest of months");
		}
	}
}

Output
March

Default Keyword

The default keyword specifies that specific code will run if there is no case match.

public class Default_Demo {

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		int month_no = 9;
		switch (month_no) {
		case 1:
			System.out.println("January");
			break;
		case 2:
			System.out.println("February");
			break;
		case 3:
			System.out.println("March");
			break;
		case 4:
			System.out.println("April");
			break;
		case 5:
			System.out.println("May");
			break;
		case 6:
			System.out.println("June");
			break;
		default:
			System.out.println("Rest of months");
		}
	}
}

Output
Rest of months

Break Statement

It terminates the loop by skipping the execution of any remaining code

public static void main(String[] args) {
    for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
      {
         if(i==2)
         break;
         System.out.println("Value of i is: "+i);
       }
         System.out.println("Loop finishes");
     }
   }

Output
Value of i is: 0
Value of i is: 1
Loop finishes

Continue Statement

It continue running the loop, just skip a particular iteration of the loop.

public class Continue_Demo {
   public static void main(String[] args) {
        for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
         {
             if(i==2)
             continue;
             System.out.println("Value of i is: "+i);
           }
         System.out.println("Loop finishes");
     }
  }

Output
Value of i is: 0
Value of i is: 1
Value of i is: 3
Value of i is: 4
Loop finishes

March 6, 2019March 3, 2024 vibssingh

Arrays in Java

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An Array is a dynamically created object where we store similar elements. By declaring an array, memory space is allocated for values of a particular type. At the time of creation, the length of the array must be specified and remains constant.

A Java array variable can also be declared like other variables with [] after the data type.

The variables in the array are ordered and each have an index beginning from 0.

Index ->0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Array Length = 8

First Index=0

Last Index = 7

How to declare an Array??

ArrayDataType[] ArrayName;
String[] days;

ArrayDataType – can be Int, Float

ArrayName – name assigned to array

Creating an Array

You can create array by using new operator.

arrayRefVar = new dataType[arraySize];

Declaring an array variable, creating an array, and assigning the reference of the array to the variable can be combine in one statement, as shown below:

 dataType[] arrayRefVar = new dataType[arraySize];

Alternatively, you can create arrays as follows:

dataType[] arrayRefVar = {value0, value1, ..., valuek};

The array elements are access through the index.

Array indices are 0-based; that is, they start from 0 to arrayRefVar.length-1.

Assigning values to an Array

How to initialize an array during declaration.

ArrayType [] ArrayName = New ArrayType [Size of an Array];

String[] Days = new String[6];
Days[0] = "Monday";
Days[1]="Tuesday";
Days[2]="Wednesday";
Days[3]="Thursday";
Days[4]="Friday";
Days[5]="Saturday";
Days[6]="Sunday";

Another way

String[] Days =  {"Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday","Sunday"}

Mon

Day[0]

Tues

Day[1]

Wed

Day[2]

Thurs

Day[3]

Fri

Day[4]

Sat

Day[5]

Sun

Day[6]

Below is an example of creating an array and accessing the data in the array.

public class Array_Example {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        String[] Days= {"Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday","Sunday"};

        //Length of Array
        int len=Days.length;

        //Access first element
        System.out.println("First element in Array: "+Days[0]);

        //Last element
        System.out.println("First element in Array: "+Days[len-1]);

        //Print values
        for(int i=0;i<len-1;i++)
        {
            System.out.println("Value stored at position "+i+" is "+Days[i]);
        }
    }
}

The output of the above program is

Passing an Array to a Method

Array can be passed easily to a method as parameters, just as if we pass integers and strings to methods.

Below is an example of passing array to a method.

public class Array_Example {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        String[] Days= {"Winter","Spring","Summer","Autumn"};

        //Pass array as method
        print_arrays(Days);
    }

    public static void print_arrays(String[]array) {
        int len=array.length;
        System.out.println("Length of array :" + len);

        //Print values
        for(int i=0;i<=len-1;i++)
        {
            System.out.println("Value stored at position "+i+" is "+array[i]);
        }
    }
}

The output of the above program is

Multi Dimensional Arrays

It is also possible to create an array of arrays known as multidimensional array. For example,

int[][] a = new int[3][4];

int[][] a = { {1, 2, 3},{4, 5, 6, 9},{7}};

	Column1	Column 2	Column 3	Column 4
Row 1	1 a[0][0]	2 a[0][1]	3 a[0][2]	a[0][3]
Row 2	4 a[1][0]	5 a[1][1]	6 a[1][2]	9 a[1][3]
Row 3	7 a[2][0]	a[2][1]	a[2][2]	a[2][3]

Below is an example of multi-dimensional array.

public class Multidimensional_Array {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        int a[][] = {{1,2,3},
                {4,5,6,9},
                {7}};

        //print length of columns
        System.out.println("Length of Row 1 is :"+a[0].length);
        System.out.println("Length of Row 2 is :"+a[1].length);
        System.out.println("Length of Row 3 is :"+a[2].length);
        System.out.println("----------------------");

        //Print all elements of array
        for (int i=0;i<a.length;i++)
        {
            for (int j=0;j<a[i].length;j++)
            {
                System.out.println("Value of row " + i + " and column " + j + " is " + a[i][j]);
            }
        }
    }
}

The output of the above program is

What is the difference between array and string?

Arrays can have any data type of any length while strings are usually ASCII characters that are terminated with a null character ‘\0’.
An array of characters is mutable, in other words, you can replace a character in an array of characters by overwriting the memory location for that character.
A String is not mutable, in other words, to “replace” a character in a String, you must build a new String with the desired character in place (copying the non-changing parts from the old String).
All string literals are stored in the String constant pool. They remain in the pool until they became eligible for the garbage collection, while a Character array is stored in heap memory.
Character array is preferred over string for storing passwords in java. As string is immutable, it makes string vulnerable for storing passwords, as we cannot get rid of passwords after use until garbage collector collects it.

February 27, 2019September 4, 2023 vibssingh

Strings Manipulation in Java

Last Updated On

September 4, 2023

HOME

We are going through the fundamentals of Java as it is needed for the scripting of Selenium. Java is a very vast language, but we will limit our scope to learning basic Java required for scripting in Selenium like Operators, Strings, Decision-Making, Loops, Class and Objects, Constructors, Arrays, and Access Modifiers. In this blog, we will cover the below-mentioned topics:-

Table of Contents

What is String?

String is a class not any data type like int & char.

The string is used for storing text. The string is an immutable object which means it is constant and cannot change once created.

A String contains a collection of characters surrounded by double quotes:

String greeting = “Hello”;

String store first character at position 0. So, here H is at position 0 and o is at 4.

H e l l o

0 1 2 3 4

public class String_Demo {
       public static void main(String[] args) { 

              //creating string by java string literal
              String str1 = "learn";
              char[] message = {'b','a','s','i','c'};

              //creating string by new keyword
              String str2 = new String(message);
              String str3 = new String("java");
              System.out.println(str1);
              System.out.println(str2);
              System.out.println(str3);
       }
   }
 
  Output
  learn
  basic
  java

Java String Manipulation

1. length()

returns the number of characters in the string. It counts every alphanumeric char, special char or even spaces.

   public class String_Demo {
       public static void main(String[] args)  {
              String message = "Learn Basic Java";
              int Str_Len= message.length();
              System.out.println("Length of String is : " + Str_Len);   
       }            
   }

  Output
   Length of String is : 16

2. Concatenation

The + operator can be used between strings to add them together to make a new string. This is called concatenation. You can also use this method to concatenate two strings. Java uses the + operator for both addition and concatenation.

Numbers are added. Strings are concatenated.

public class String_Demo {
       public static void main(String[] args) {
              String message_1 = "Learn Basic Java";
              String message_2 = "and Learn Selenium";
              String  Concat_message= message_1 +" "+ message_2;
              System.out.println("Concatenation Result is : " + Concat_message);
       }
  }

Output
Concatenation Result is : Learn Basic Java and Learn Selenium

3. equals()

It compares two strings lexicographically, ignoring case differences.

 public class String_Demo {
       public static void main(String[] args) {
              String message_1 = "Learn Basic Java";
              String message_2 = "Learn Selenium";
              boolean CompareResult = message_1.equals(message_2);
              System.out.println("The result of String Comparison is : " + CompareResult);
         }
   }

  Output
  The result of String Comparison is : false

4. equalsIgnoreCase()

It compares two strings lexicographically, ignoring case differences.

public class String_Demo {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		String message_1 = "selenium";
		String message_2 = "SELENIUM";
		boolean comp_ignore_case = message_1.equalsIgnoreCase(message_2);
		System.out.println("The result of String Comparison after ignoring case difference is : " + comp_ignore_case);
	}
}


Output
The result of String Comparison after ignoring case difference is : true

5. CharAt()

It returns the character located at the specified index.

public class String_Demo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
           String message = "Learn Basic Java";
           char cIndex = message.charAt(6);
           System.out.println("The fifth character of Popular Topic 1 is : " + cIndex);
       }
}

 Output
 The fifth character of Popular Topic 1 is : B

6. toLowerCase()

It returns the string in lowercase letters.

     public class String_Demo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
          String message = "Learn Basic Java";
          String lower_case= message.toLowerCase();
          System.out.println("The message in lower case is : " + lower_case);
     }
}

Output
The message in lower case is : learn basic java

7. toUpperCase()

It converts all the characters in the String to upper case.

public class String_Demo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
           String message = "Learn Basic Java";
           String upper_case= message.toUpperCase();
           System.out.println("The message in upper case is : " + upper_case);
      }
 }
 
Output
The message in upper case is : LEARN BASIC JAVA

8. trim()

This method returns a copy of the string, with leading and trailing whitespace omitted.

public class String_Demo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
           String message =" Java ";
            int len_1 = message.length();
            System.out.println("Length of message before trimming white spaces is : " + len_1);
            String message_2 = message.trim();
            int len_2 = message_2.length();
            System.out.println("Message after trimming white spaces is : " + message_2+" and length is "+len_2);
       }
  }

Output
 Length of message before trimming white spaces is : 6
 Message after trimming white spaces is : Java and length is 4

9. replace()

It replaces occurrences of a character with a specified new character.

public class String_Demo {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
           String str = "Java";
           System.out.println(str.replace('v','V'));
      }
}

Output 
JaVa

10. split(String regex)

It splits this string against a given regular expression and returns a String array.

public class String_Demo {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		String message = "Learn Basic Java";
		String[] aSplit = message.split("Basic");
		System.out.println("The first part of the array is : " + aSplit[0]);
		System.out.println("The last part of the array is : " + aSplit[1]);
	}
}
 
Output
The first part of the array is : Learn 
The last part of the array is :  Java

11. startsWith(String prefix)

Tests if the string starts with the specified prefix. It returns true if the character sequence represented by the argument is a prefix of the character sequence represented by this string; false otherwise.

public class String_Demo {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		String str = "Java";
		System.out.println("Result is " + str.startsWith("co"));
	}
}

Output
Result is false

12. indexOf(String str)

It returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the specified substring.

public class String_Demo {

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		
		String message = "This is an example of a test framework of Selenium";
		int firstIndex = message.indexOf("of");
		System.out.println("The start index is : " + firstIndex);
	}
}


Output
The start index is : 19

13. lastIndexOf(String str)

It returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of the specified substring.

public class String_Demo {

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		
		String message = "This is an example of a test framework of Selenium";
		int lastIndex = message.lastIndexOf("of");
		System.out.println("The last index is : " + lastIndex);
	}
}

Output
The last index is : 39

14. substring()

It returns a part of the string.

public class String_Demo {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		String message = "Learn Basic Java";
		String sSubString = message.substring(5, 12);
		System.out.println("The sub string of Popular Topic 1 from index 5 to 11 is : " + sSubString);
	}
}

Output
The sub string of Popular Topic 1 from index 5 to 11 is :  Basic

15. contains(CharSequense s)

It returns true if and only if this string contains the specified sequence of char values.

public class String_Demo {

	public static void main(String[] args) {

		String message = "This is an example of a test framework of Selenium";
		boolean containsExample = message.contains("example");
		System.out.println("The string conatins example : " + containsExample);
	}
}

Output
The string conatins example : true

February 23, 2019October 3, 2025 vibssingh

Basics of Java – Data Types and Operators

Last Updated On

October 3, 2025

HOME

Table of Contents

What is Java?

Java is a general-purpose programming language, which is concurrent; class based and object oriented language. Java follows the concept of “write once and run anywhere (WORA) which means that compiled java code can be run on all different platforms that support java without the need of recompilation.

The basic step towards understanding any programming language is to know the data type.

What is a Data Type?

A Data Type means what type of data the variable can represent. Data types are divided into two groups:-

Primitive data types – includes byte, short, int, long, float, double, boolean and char
Non-primitive data types – such as String, Arrays and Classes

Data Type	Size	Description
byte	1 byte	Stores whole numbers from -128 to 127
short	2 bytes	Stores whole numbers from -32,768 to 32,767
int	4 bytes	Stores whole numbers from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
long	8 bytes	Stores whole numbers from -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223.372,036,854,775,808
float	4 bytes	Stores fractional numbers from 3.4e−038 to 3.4e+038. Sufficient for storing 6 to 7 decimal digits
double	8 bytes	Stores fractional numbers from 1.7e−308 to 1.7e+038. Sufficient for storing 15 decimal digits
boolean	1 byte	Stores true or false values
char	2 bytes	Stores a single character/letter

What is a variable?

Variables are containers for storing data values. Variable is a value that can change. Variable is a reserved space or a memory location to store some sort of information. Information can be of any data type such as int, string, boolean or float.

Java divides the operators into the following groups:

Arithmetic operators : +, -, *, /,%, ++. —
Assignment operators: =
Relational operators: >, <, , >=, <=, ==,!=
Logical operators: &&, ||, &, |, !
Bitwise operators: & | ^ >> >>>
Arithmetic Operators

What are Arithmetic Operators?

Arithmetic operators are used to perform common mathematical operations, such as:-

Operator	Name	Description	Example
+	Addition	Adds together two values	x + y
–	Subtraction	Subtracts one value from another	x – y
*	Multiplication	Multiplies two values	x * y
/	Division	Divides one value from another	x / y
%	Modulus	Returns the division remainder	x % y
++	Increment	Increases the value of a variable by 1	++x
—	Decrement	Decreases the value of	–x

Below is an example which show how these operators can be used.

public class Arithmetic_Operators { 
   public static void main(String[] args) {

		int x = 45;
		int y = 10;
		int z;
		z = x + y;

		System.out.println("Addition of 2 numbers: " + z);

		z = x - y;
		System.out.println("Subtraction of 2 numbers: " + z);

		z = x * y;
		System.out.println("Multiplication of 2 numbers: " + z);

		z = x / y;
		System.out.println("Division of 1 number by another: " + z);

		z = x % y;
		System.out.println("Division Reminder: " + z);

		x++;
		System.out.println("Increment of x: " + x);

		y--;
		System.out.println("Decrement of y: " + y);
	}

}

 
Output
Addition of 2 numbers: 55
Subtraction of 2 numbers: 35
Multiplication of 2 numbers: 450
Division of 1 number by another: 4
Division Reminder: 5
Increment of x: 46
Decrement of y: 9

What are Assignment Operators?

Assignment operators are use to assign values to variables.

Operator	Example	Same As
=	x = 5	x = 5
+=	x += 3	x = x + 3
-=	x -= 3	x = x – 3
*=	x *= 3	x = x * 3
/=	x /= 3	x = x / 3
%=	x %= 3	x = x % 3
&=	x &= 3	x = x & 3
\|=	x \|= 3	x = x \| 3
^=	x^= 3	x = x ^ 3
>>=	x>>= 3	x = x >> 3
<<=	x <<= 3	x = x << 3

Below is an example that show the use of above operators in a program.

public class Assignment_Operator 
   public static void main(String[] args) {
		int x = 45;
		int y = 10;
		int z = 15;

		System.out.println("Value of x: " + x);

		x += 5;
		System.out.println("New value of x after addition: " + x);

		// This will use new value of x which is 50 to perform the operation
		x -= 10;
		System.out.println("New value of x after substraction: " + x);

		// This will use new value of x which is 40 to perform the operation
		x *= 2;
		System.out.println("New value of x after multiplication: " + x);

		// This will use new value of x which is 80 to perform the operation
		x /= 5;
		System.out.println("New value of x after division: " + x);

		// This will use new value of x which is 16 to perform the operation
		x %= 3;
		System.out.println("New value of x as division reminder: " + x);

		// Multiple Assignment
		System.out.println("Value of y and z: " + y + " and " + z);
		y = z = 100;
		System.out.println("New value of y and z: " + y + " and " + z);
	}
}
 
Output
Value of x: 45
New value of x after addition: 50
New value of x after substraction: 40
New value of x after multiplication: 80
New value of x after division: 16
New value of x as division reminder: 1
Value of y and z: 10 and 15
New value of y and z: 100 and 100

What are Comparison Operators?

Comparison operators are use to compare two values.

Operator	Name	Example
==	Equal to	x== y
!=	Not equal	x != y
>	Greater than	x > y
<	Less than	x < y
>=	Greater than or equal to	x >= y
<=	Less than or equal to	x <= y

public class Relational_Operator {
    public static void main(String[] args) {      
        int x = 10;
		int y = 20;

		System.out.println("x is equal to y: " + (x == y));
		System.out.println("x is not equal to y: " + (x != y));
		System.out.println("x is greater than y: " + (x > y));
		System.out.println("x is less than y: " + (x < y));
		System.out.println("x is greater than or equal to y: " + (x >= y));
		System.out.println("x is less than or equal to y: " + (x <= y));
	}
}
 
Output
x is equal to y: false
x is not equal to y: true
x is greater than y: false
x is less than y: true
x is greater than or equal to y: false
x is less than or equal to y: true

What are Logical Operators?

Logical operators are use to determine the logic between variables or values.

Operator	Name	Description	Example
&&	Logical and	Returns true if both statements are true	x < 5 && x < 10
\|\|	Logical or	Returns true if one of the statements is true	x < 5 \|\| x < 4
!	Logical not	Reverse the result, returns false if the result is true	!(x < 5 && x < 10)

public classLogical_Operators {
   public static void main(String[] args) {
        boolean value_1 = true;
		boolean value_2 = false;

		System.out.println("Check if both the boolean variables are true : " + (value_1 && value_2));

		System.out.println("Check if even one of the boolean varibale is true : " + (value_1 || value_2));

		System.out.println("Change the state of the Output_1 to false : " + (!value_1));
	}
}
 
 Output
 Check if both the boolean variables are true : false
 Check if even one of the boolean varibale is true : true
 Change the state of the Output_1 to false : false

Congratulations on making it through this tutorial and hope you found it useful! Happy Learning!!

February 19, 2019April 21, 2024 vibssingh

Selenium Introduction

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As the software development process changes from waterfall to Agile methodology, it becomes essential to use automation for testing. The reason is now there are frequent productions, so to perform regression testing, it is advisable to use automation. Automation testing means using an automation tool to execute the test scripts. This reduces human intervention, which results in avoiding any human error as well as reduces the test execution time.
Automation testing is preferable for those test scripts which are executed repeatedly and execution is time-consuming.
Saying this, one should keep in mind that we can’t automate everything. The ideal scenario is to automate that part whose ROI (Return on Investment) is higher in terms of automation.

What is Selenium??

Firstly, Selenium is not a single automation tool like QTP, but it is basically a suite of software or a set of JAR files to automate web browsers across various browsers. Selenium is used by many companies, but a few to mention are Netflix, Google, HubSpot, Fitbit, and more.

Selenium Packages

Selenium IDE (Integrated Development Environment) – It is an add-on feature on Mozilla Firefox and Chrome. It is a playback and recording tool. You don’t need to know any language for using this tool.

Selenium RC (Selenium 1.0) – RC means Remote Control. Selenium RC was the main Selenium project for a long time before the WebDriver/Selenium merge brought up Selenium 2, the newest and more powerful tool.
Selenium RC is a tool that allows you to write automated web application UI tests in any programming language against any HTTP website using any mainstream enabled JavaScript enabled browser.

Selenium Grid – Grid supports parallel execution, which means multiple test scripts can be executed at the same time on multiple browsers. Selenium Grid supports distributed test execution. So, it will speed up the test execution.

Selenium Grid follows Hub-node architecture. The Hub knows the configuration of each node connected to it. When the Hub receives the information that a test needs to be run along with browser and OS information, then it checks for the available node with the same combination and sends the Selenium command to that node.

Selenium WebDriver – This is the latest version of Selenium. In WebDriver, web elements are identified on a web browser and then actions are performed on these web elements. Selenium WebDriver supports the testing of dynamic pages where web elements change without reloading the page.
WebDriver overcomes the problem of single host origin policy which is present in RC. There is a website that is using Selenium to run an asynchronous job in their flask webapp. For more detail, you can refer the website – ExamDeewana.

What is a Single Host Origin Policy ??

This is an important aspect of the web application security model. As per this policy, a web browser allows scripts present on the first web page to access the data on the second web page, provided both the web pages have the same origin, which means the URI scheme, hostname, and port number are the same.

Why Selenium??

We know that there are a lot of automation tools in the market like QTP, RFT (Rational Functional Tester), and so on, then why Selenium is so famous.

1) Open Source – Selenium is an open-source tool, which means no associated cost of licensing. So, it is very cost-effective in the terms of automating the testing.

2) Supports multiple languages, browsers, and Operating systems – Selenium supports multiple languages like Python, Pearl, Ruby, .Net, Java, C#, and PHP. You do need not to know multiple languages to start using Selenium. You should be proficient in any one of the above-mentioned languages and good to go. One of the most important features is that you do need not create the test script in the same language in which the web application is created. Suppose a web application is developed using JavaScript, but we can use any of the above mentioned languages to create Selenium test cases.
Selenium supports a range of browsers like Google Chrome, IE, Mozilla, Opera, Microsoft Edge, Safari, and Html Driver. It also supports different operating systems such as Windows, MAC, Linux, Android, iOS.

3) Supports Parallel and Cross Browser Testing – Selenium supports parallel test execution. That means we can open multiple browsers at the same time and execute the test cases. This decrease the execution time significantly. Selenium supports Cross browser test execution. This refers to the fact that we can open different browsers like IE and Chrome and execute the same test cases or different test cases at the same time. This increases the coverage of test execution

4) Supports Integration with DevOps, and Continuous Integration flow – Selenium can be easily integrated with various third-party tools like Jenkins, Maven, TestNG, JUnit, and Git.

4.1 Jenkins – Jenkins is a continuous integration tool and can be integrated with Selenium. Jenkins is used for automatic test execution. That means whenever there is any change in software, Jenkins allows you to run the tests every time and deploy the changes to a new environment when the tests pass. Jenkins is also used for scheduling the tests to run at a specific time.
4.2 Maven – Maven is a build management tool, based on the concept of Page Object Model (POM). It is used to define the structure of the project, dependencies, and build and test management. POM.xml file contains information about the version of web driver. It automatically downloads the necessary files from the repository to the local repository.
4.3 TestNG – TestNG is an open-source automation testing framework. It helps to group and prioritize the test scripts and support data parameterization and reporting features.
4.4 Git– Git is an open-source version control system. It allows committing the work locally and then syncing the local copy of the repository with a copy of the server.

5) Framework Compatibility – Selenium supports various test automation frameworks like Data Driven, Keyword, or Hybrid. Users can select any type of framework depending on the project requirement.
Selenium has lots of methods to locate the elements in a webpage such as DOM, CSS, XPath, and so on. It can also be used to test web applications that use JavaScript and AJAX technologies.

6) Supports mobile Testing – Selenium doesn’t perform mobile testing. But it supports mobile testing with the help of additional software like Selendroid and Appium. This software is based on Selenium, so anyone who is well-versed in selenium can apply the same principles for mobile app testing.

7) Supports Database Testing – Selenium WebDriver in itself can’t perform Database Testing, but this can be done by using WebDriver with JDBC (“Java Database Connectivity”) API. The API lets the user connect and interact with the data source and fetch the data with the help of automated queries.

8) System Compatibility – Internet Explorer(IE) and Google Chrome support both 32-bit and 64-bit versions, where you can download and use them based on your system requirement.

9) Selenium 4.0 – In Selenium 4.0, all the vendors like Google, Apple, Microsoft, and Firefox have their own drivers to work on Selenium. Selenium 4.0 supports Selenium Grid and Selenium WebDriver and stops using Selenium RC directly. Selenium Core is completely removed from the latest version of Selenium 3.0.

Like any other tool, Selenium also has some limitations, such as:-

1) Programming knowledge is needed – Selenium does not support codeless test automation. Testers need to know any one of the programming languages which are supported by selenium.

2) No Image Comparison – Selenium doesn’t support image comparison. To perform image comparison, selenium needs to be integrated with a third-party tool called – Sikuli

3) No Official Customer Service Support – It’s an open-source tool, so there is no official customer support team to address your issues. You can get support from tutorials, chat rooms, and online support, but not from product creators.

4) No Reporting facility – The lack of automation of report generation is one of the biggest disadvantages. But, there are third-party tools that overcome this problem like TestNG, JUnit, Extent Library, and Allure.

Architecture

WebDriver talks to a browser through a driver. Communication is two-way: WebDriver passes commands to the browser through the driver and receives information back via the same route. The driver is specific to the browser, such as ChromeDriver for Google’s Chrome/Chromium, GeckoDriver for Mozilla’s Firefox, etc. The driver runs on the same system as the browser.

February 12, 2019June 27, 2023 vibssingh

How to Download and Install Selenium WebDriver on Windows

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In this tutorial, we will discuss how Selenium automation Tool can downloaded and installed on Window operating system

How to Download and Configure Selenium WebDriver

Java 11 is installed on the machine
Install the Latest Version of Eclipse
Install Selenium WebDriver
Download Third Party Browser Drivers like Mozilla GeckoDriver

1. Java 11 Installation in Windows 10

Verify that Java is installed on your machine or not. If not, then refer to this link to install Java 11 in Windows 10.

2. Download and Install Eclipse IDE

Eclipse IDE is a software that allows you to write your programs and test scripts in multiple programming languages (with Java being the most popular one). Verify that Eclipse is installed on your machine. If not, then follow this link to get the instructions to install Eclipse

3. Download Selenium WebDriver

Go to Selenium’s Official site – https://www.selenium.dev/downloads/. Scroll down to Selenium Client & WebDriver Language Bindings. We can see there are different languages of download links. We are using Selenium with Java, so will click on the Download link next to Java.

2. Selenium WebDriver JARs download in zip format.

3. Unzip the Selenium folder. It will have these files.

4. Install/Configure Selenium Webdriver

1. Open Eclipse IDE. Click on WorkBench. Once Eclipse IDE opens, go to File -> New -> Java Project

2. Create a Java project with the name – Selenium. You can give any name and click on the “Finish” button.

3. A Java class is created with the name Selenium, and it looks like this:-

5. Add Selenium JAR files to Eclipse IDE

1. Right-click on Selenium and click on Properties

2. Click on Java Build Path. Select Libraries. Click on – Add External JARs. Add your all external jars such as selenium jars under the class path, not module path

3. Go to the path where the Selenium WebDriver JAR folder was downloaded and select these 2 JAR files and click on the Open button.

4. Similarly, go to the Lib folder of the Selenium file and select the entire JAR present there.

5. Java Build Path looks like as shown in the below image.

6. Click on Referenced Libraries and will see all these JARs are present here.

6. Download Third Party Browser Drivers

Go to the Selenium Official site. Scroll down and go to Third Party Drivers, Bindings, and Plugins. We need to download the browser drivers which we want to use like Google Chrome Driver, Mozilla Firefox, and so on.