TestNG

vibssingh

Screenshot of Failed Test Cases in Selenium WebDriver

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In the previous tutorials, I have explained how we can take screenshots in Selenium using FileUtils or FileHandler. In this tutorial, I will explain how to capture screenshots of Failed Test Cases in Selenium.

We are going to use TestNG to capture screenshot of failed test cases.

We will be using below mentioned features of TestNG

1) ITestResult – This  Interface will provide us the result of test case execution. @AfterMethod method can declare a parameter of type ITestResult, which will reflect the result of the test method that was just run.

2) @AfterMethod – The annotated method will be run after each test method. Any @AfterMethod can declare a parameter of type java.lang.reflect.Method. This parameter will receive the test method that will be called once this after the method as run.

3) result.getName() – will return name of test case so that screenshot name will be same as test case name

4) @BeforeTest – The annotated method will be run before any test method belonging to the classes inside the tag is run.

5) @AfterTest – The annotated method will be run after all the test methods belonging to the classes inside the tag have run.

We are executing 2 test cases. One of the Test Case will pass and another will fail. This program will only capture the screenshot of failed test case, not the passed one as we have used condition

if (ITestResult.FAILURE == result.getStatus())

Let see this as a program. 

import java.io.File;
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.OutputType;
import org.openqa.selenium.TakesScreenshot;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.testng.Assert;
import org.testng.ITestResult;
import org.testng.annotations.AfterMethod;
import org.testng.annotations.AfterTest;
import org.testng.annotations.BeforeTest;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;
 
public class ScreenshotFailedCases {
    static WebDriver driver;
 
    @BeforeTest
    public static void init() {
        System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver", "src\\test\\resources\\webdrivers\\window\\geckodriver.exe");
 
        // Initiate Firefox browser
        driver = new FirefoxDriver();
 
        // Maximize the browser
        driver.manage().window().maximize();
 
        // Pass application url
        driver.get("https://duckduckgo.com/");
        System.out.println("BeforeTest");
    }
 
    @Test
    public void captureCorrectScreenMethod() throws Exception {
        String Text = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='logo_homepage_link']")).getText();
        // Verify the text on the landing page
        Assert.assertTrue(Text.contains("About DuckDuckGo"));
    }
 
    @Test
    public void captureIncorrectScreenMethod() throws Exception {
                        
		// Fail test by using incorrect XPath to find the search box
        driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@name='qe']")).sendKeys("agile");
    }
 
    @AfterTest
    public static void exit() {
                        
		// Close the WebPage
        driver.quit();
    }
 
    // AfterMethod annotation - This method executes after every test execution
    @AfterMethod
    public void screenShot(ITestResult result) {
 
        // ITestResult.FAILURE is equals to result.getStatus then it enter into
        // if condition
                        
	if (ITestResult.FAILURE == result.getStatus()) {
            try {
                    
		         // To create reference of TakesScreenshot
                 TakesScreenshot screenshot = (TakesScreenshot) driver;
 
                 // Call method to capture screenshot
                 File src = screenshot.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
 
                 // Copy files to specific location result.getName() will 
                 // return  name of test case so that screenshot name will be same as test case name
                    
		   FileUtils.copyFile(src, new File("./Screenshots/" + result.getName() + System.currentTimeMillis() + ".png"));
                    System.out.println("Successfully captured a screenshot");
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    System.out.println("Exception while taking screenshot " + e.getMessage());
           }
        }
    }
}

A folder with name Screenshots is created and the screenshot is placed in that folder as you can see the image below

Execution Status as shown below

TestNG Report – Go to test-output folder and open emailable-report.html

vibssingh

TestNG – How to group Tests in Selenium using TestNG

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In the previous tutorial, we have discussed about How to create dependency between Selenium Test Cases using TestNG. In this tutorial, we will see how we can group test cases using TestNG. TestNG allows us to group test methods which is not present in JUnit. We can declare the methods belong to groups as well as specify groups that contain other groups. To group test cases, we need to create testng.xml. 

Multiple tags are used in a sequence to build a working testNG xml like , and

1. First is tag, which holds a logical name which defines full information to TestNG reported to generate execution report.
2. Second is , which is a logical name which holds the information of test execution report like pass, fail, skip test cases and other information like total time for execution and group info
3. Third is , where TestNGDemo is the package used, and Test Class name is TestNGGroupDemo.
4. Fourth is , where “e2etest” is the name of the method we want to execute.

<?xml version = "1.0"encoding = "UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE suite SYSTEM "http://testng.org/testng-1.0.dtd">
<suite name = "Suite1">
  <test name = "Test Demo">
      <groups>
         <run>
              <include name = "e2etest"/>
          </run>
        </groups>
    <classes>
          <class name = "TestNGGroupDemo"/>
     </classes>  
   </test>
</suite>

To Run the TestNG program, right click on the testng.xml and select Run As-> TestNG Suite (in case of Eclipse) and Run testng.xml (in case of IntelliJ).

In below example, we have shown the syntax of how to use groups in the XML file. @Test(groups = { “e2etest”, “integerationtest” }) .

Below is the sample code.

import org.testng.annotations.Test;

public class TestNGGroupDemo {

	@Test(alwaysRun = true, groups = { "e2etest", "integerationtest" })
	public void testPrintMessage() {
		System.out.println("This method is run by both e2e and integeration test");
	}

	@Test(alwaysRun = true, groups = { "e2etest" })
	public void testE2EMessage() {
		System.out.println("This method is run by e2e test");
	}

	@Test(alwaysRun = true, groups = { "integerationtest" })
	public void testingIntegrationMessage() {
		System.out.println("This method is run by integeration test");
	}

	@Test(alwaysRun = true, groups = { "acceptancetest" })
	public void testingAcceptanceMessage() {
		System.out.println("This method is run by Acceptance test");
	}

	@Test(alwaysRun = true, groups = { "e2etest", "acceptancetest" })
	public void testE2EAndAcceptanceMessage() {
		System.out.println("This method is run by both e2e and acceptance test");
	}

	@Test(alwaysRun = true, groups = { "e2etest", "integerationtest", "acceptancetest" })
	public void testE2EAndAcceptanceAndIntegrationMessage() {
		System.out.println("This method is run by e2e, integration and acceptance test");
	}

}

Output
[RemoteTestNG] detected TestNG version 7.4.0
This method is run by e2e, integration and acceptance test
This method is run by both e2e and acceptance test
This method is run by e2e test
This method is run by both e2e and integeration test

===============================================
Suite
Total tests run: 4, Passes: 4, Failures: 0, Skips: 0
===============================================

The output of the above program is

The result will look like something shown below. Here, we can see that Test Case Passed is 4, Failed 0 and Skipped 0.

To view the report, go to the Eclipse folder and you can see a folder with name test-output inside the Project where we have created TestNG class. Here, it is  C:\Users\vibha\eclipse-workspace\Demo\test-output

Groups of Groups

Groups can also include other groups. These groups are called “MetaGroups”. TestNG provides the flexibility of providing groups inside another group and running them according to your needs.
Let’s create a group inside a group in our XML file.

Here, I have created a created a new group with the name ‘SuperGroup‘ and included our group “acceptancetest” into it. Then we called the newly created group (SuperGroup) for execution by including it in the run tag. The output will be like this:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE suite SYSTEM "https://testng.org/testng-1.0.dtd">
<suite name="Suite">
   <test name = "Test Demo">
       <groups>
        	<define name = "SuperGroup">
   			   <include name = "acceptancetest"></include>
   		</define>
          <run>
              <include name = "SuperGroup"/>
          </run>
        </groups>
    <classes>
      <class name="TestNGGroupDemo"/>
    </classes>
  </test> <!-- Test -->
</suite> <!-- Suite -->

The output of the above program is

Lets, add another group “e2etest” to SuperGroup. In this case, we will see all the tests marked with “e2etest” and “acceptancetest“.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE suite SYSTEM "https://testng.org/testng-1.0.dtd">
<suite name="Suite">
   <test name = "Test Demo">
       <groups>
        	<define name = "SuperGroup">
   			   <include name = "acceptancetest"></include>
   			    <include name = "e2etest"></include>
   		</define>
          <run>
              <include name = "SuperGroup"/>
          </run>
        </groups>
    <classes>
      <class name="TestNGGroupDemo"/>
    </classes>
  </test> <!-- Test -->
</suite> <!-- Suite -->

The output of the above program is

We are done! Congratulations on making it through this tutorial and hope you found it useful! Happy Learning!!

vibssingh

How to disable Selenium Test Cases using TestNG Feature – @Ignore

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The previous tutorial discussed prioritizing the Test Cases using TestNG. In this tutorial, we will see how we can disable the Test Cases using TestNG. 

Imagine there are 100 test cases in a Regression Test Suite. We need to execute 99 test cases in a release and do want not to execute any particular test case. But we do not want to delete that test case from the Test Suite also. In this case, TestNG has a feature that allows skipping a particular test case by setting the parameters to.

@Enabled Annotation

@Test(enabled = false)

To use two or more parameters in a single annotation, separate them with a comma:

@Test(priority = 3, enabled = false)

To Run the TestNG program, Right-click on the program, and select Run As TestNG Test.

Below is an example to implement the above-mentioned scenario.

import org.testng.annotations.Test;
 
public class TestNGDisableDemo {
 
    @Test(priority = 3)
     public static void FirstTest() {
           System.out.println("This is Test Case 1, but after priority Test Case 3");
     }
 
     @Test(priority = 4)
     public static void SecondTest() {
          System.out.println("This is Test Case 2, but after priority Test Case 4");
     }
 
     @Test(enabled = false)
     public static void ThirdTest() {
           System.out.println("This is Test Case 3, but now skipped");
     }
 
     @Test(priority = 1)
     public static void FourthTest() {
            System.out.println("This is Test Case 4, but after priority Test Case 1");
     }
}

The output of the above program is

@Ignore Annotation

There is another way of skipping the tests by using the @Ignore annotation.

TestNG lets you ignore all the @Test methods :

  • In a class (or)
  • In a particular package (or)
  • In a package and all of its child packages

Ignore a Test

Below is an example where we have skipped the execution of a particular test.

import org.testng.annotations.Ignore;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;

public class IgnoreDemo{
	
	@Test
	public void FirstTest() {
	
		System.out.println("This is Test Case 1");
    
	}
	
	@Test
	public void SecondTest() {
	
		System.out.println("This is Test Case 2");
    
	}
	
	@Ignore
	@Test
	public void ThirdTest() {
	
		System.out.println("This is Test Case 3");
    
	}
	
	@Test
	public void FourthTest() {
	
		System.out.println("This is Test Case 4");
    
	}

}

In the above example, we have assigned @Ignore to the third test. So, this test should be skipped while the execution.

The output of the above program is

Ignore a Class

To understand this concept, we need to create 2 test classes – IgnoreDemo and IgnoreDemo2. Imagine we want to ignore all the tests in the class, so we can use @Ignore at the class level.

IgnoreDemo

import org.testng.annotations.Ignore;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;

@Ignore
public class PriorityDemo {
	
	@Test
	public void FirstTest() {
	
		System.out.println("This is Test Case 1");
    
	}
	
	@Test
	public void SecondTest() {
	
		System.out.println("This is Test Case 2");
    
	}
	

	@Test
	public void ThirdTest() {
	
		System.out.println("This is Test Case 3");
    
	}
	
	@Test
	public void FourthTest() {
	
		System.out.println("This is Test Case 4");
    
	}

}

IgnoreDemo2

package com.example;

import org.testng.annotations.Ignore;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;


public class PriorityDemo2 {
	
	@Test
	public void FirstTest() {
	
		System.out.println("This is Test Case 1 of Class 2");
    
	}
	
	@Test
	public void SecondTest() {
	
		System.out.println("This is Test Case 2 of Class 2");
    
	}
	

	@Test
	public void ThirdTest() {
	
		System.out.println("This is Test Case 3 of Class 2");
    
	}
	
	@Test
	public void FourthTest() {
	
		System.out.println("This is Test Case 4 of Class 2");
    
	}

}

To run both the classes together, we need to create a testng.xml. The easiest way is to select both the classes and Right-Click and select TestNG -> Convert to TestNG.

testng.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE suite SYSTEM "https://testng.org/testng-1.0.dtd">
<suite name="Suite">
  <test thread-count="5" name="Test">
    <classes>
      <class name="com.example.PriorityDemo2"/>
      <class name="com.example.PriorityDemo"/>
    </classes>
  </test> <!-- Test -->
</suite> <!-- Suite -->

Right-click on the testng.xml and select Run As -> TestNG Suite.

As we have assigned the @Ignore annotation at the class level of PriorityDemo class, it will ignore all the 4 tests present in that particular class.

The output of the above program is

We are done. Congratulations on making it through this tutorial and hope you found it useful!

vibssingh

TestNG Framework – How to download and install TestNG in Eclipse

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In the previous tutorial, we discussed what is TestNG and why it is important. This tutorial will discuss how can we download and install TestNG in Eclipse and how to use it.

Pre-Requisite 

1) Eclipse should be installed and configured. Please refer to Install and Configure to set up Eclipse on your system.

Install/Setup TestNG

1) Launch Eclipse and go to the “Help” option present at the top and select –“Install New Software”.

2) A dialog box will appear, click the “Add“ button.

3) A new dialog box will appear. Mention the Name as TestNG and the location as “TestNG P2 – https://testng.org/testng-p2-update-site&#8221; and click the Add button.

4) This time we will see TestNG is added to Install dialog box.

5) Accept the terms and conditions and then click the “Finish“ button.

6) Once the installation is completed, you will get a message to Restart the Eclipse. Select Restart the Eclipse

7) To verify if TestNG is installed successfully or not, go to Window, select Show View, and then Other.

8) Select Java and see, within the Java folder, you will see TestNG. This shows that TestNG is successfully installed on the machine.

Steps to follow to create a TestNG class

1) Create a new TestNG class. Right-click on the Folder where you want to create the TestNG class. Select TestNG and then Create the TestNG class as shown in the below image.

2) In the below image, we can see that the Source folder is the name of the folder we want to create the class, and we can mention the name of the class in the Class name. Under annotations, I have checked @BeforeTest and @AfterTest and click the Finish button.

3) We can see that the structure of the new TestNG class looks like as shown below.

4) In the below example, we want to navigate to an Amazon page and search for Hard Drive.

@BeforeTest : Launch Firefox and direct it to the Base URL

@Test : Search for HardDrive

@AfterTest : Close Firefox browser

import org.testng.annotations.Test;
import org.testng.annotations.BeforeTest;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.testng.annotations.AfterTest;

public class TestNG_Demo {

   public WebDriver driver;

   @BeforeTest
    public void beforeTest() {
      
     System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver","C:\\Users\\vibha\\Downloads\\geckodriver-v0.26.0-win64\\geckodriver.exe");
    driver = new FirefoxDriver();
    driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(60, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
    driver.manage().window().maximize();
    driver.get("https://www.amazon.com//");
 }

@Test
public void Validation() {
    driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='twotabsearchtextbox']")).sendKeys("hard drive");
    //XPath for search button
      driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@class='nav-input']")).click();
   }

@AfterTest
public void afterTest() {
    driver.quit();
  } 
}

5) To execute this program, we need to Right-click and select Run as – TestNG Test.

6) The result will look like something shown below. Here, we can see that Test Case Passed is 1, Failed 0, and Skipped 0.

7) As we know that TestNG also produce HTML Reports. To access the report, go to the Eclipse folder, and you can see a folder with name test-output inside the Project where we have created TestNG class. Here, it is  C:\Users\vibha\Downloads\eclipse-workspace\Demo

We are done! Congratulations on making it through this tutorial and hope you found it useful! Happy Learning!!

vibssingh

TestNG Framework – Introduction to TestNG

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In this tutorial, we will discuss the TestNG.

Definition of TestNG as per official site –

TestNG is a testing framework inspired from JUnit and NUnit but introducing some new functionalities that make it more powerful and easier to use.

A famous programmer named as “Cedric Beust” developed TestNG. It is distribute under Apache Software License and is easily available to download. TestNG requires JDK 7 or higher.

Features of TestNG

1)   Report Generation – Selenium does not support report generation. TestNG provides the ability to generate the HTML Reports.

2)   Support for Annotations – It has inbuilt annotations, like @Test, @BeforeTest, @AfterTest, and soon which makes code more clean. These annotations are strongly typed, so the compiler will flag mistakes right away if any detected in the code.

3)   Grouping of Test Cases – It enable user to group the test cases easily. “Groups” is one annotation of TestNG that can be use in the execution of multiple tests.

4)   Set Test Execution Priority –   It enable user to set execution priorities of the test cases. There is a parameter called “Priority” which is used to execute the methods in a particular order. It also allows user to run the test cases of a particular group.

Let us consider a scenario where we have created two groups such as ‘Smoke’ and ‘Regression’. If we want to execute the test cases in a ‘Regression’ group, then this can only be possible in the TestNG framework. If we want to skip the execution of a particular test case, there is a parameter called (enabled = true or false)

 5)   Support Data Driven Testing –  It provide support to Data Driven testing using @DataProviders. The DataProvider in TestNG is another way to pass the parameters in the test function, the other one being TestNG parameters. Using DataProvider in TestNG, we can easily inject multiple values into the same test case.

 6)   Powerful Execution Model – TestNG does not extend any class. TestNG framework allows user to define the test cases where each test case is independent of other test cases.

 7)   Supports Parallel or Multi Threading Testing – It allow user to run same test cases on 2 different browsers at the same time. Parallel testing helps to reduce execution time and efforts and results in faster time to delivery. 

 8)   Supports Logging – It also provides the logging facility for the test. For example during the execution of test case, user wants some information to be log in the console. Information could be any detail depends upon the purpose. Keeping this in mind that we are using Selenium for testing, we need the information that helps the user to understand the test steps or any failure during the test case execution. With the help of TestNG Logs, it is possible to enable logging during the Selenium test case execution.

 9)   Integration with other third party tools – It can be easily integrated with other tools or plugins like build tool Maven, Integrated Development Environment (Eclipse), Selenium, Cucumber and many other.

10) Integration with CI/CD tools – We can run the TestNG tests in CI/CD pipelines, like Jenkis, GitHub pipeline and soon.

There are lot more features apart from mentioned above, but I feel these are the most commonly used features in TestNG. 

vibssingh

Selenium Introduction

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As the software development process changes from waterfall to Agile methodology, it becomes essential to use automation for testing. The reason is now there are frequent productions, so to perform regression testing, it is advisable to use automation. Automation testing means using an automation tool to execute the test scripts. This reduces human intervention, which results in avoiding any human error as well as reduces the test execution time. 
Automation testing is preferable for those test scripts which are executed repeatedly and execution is time-consuming.
Saying this, one should keep in mind that we can’t automate everything. The ideal scenario is to automate that part whose ROI (Return on Investment) is higher in terms of automation. 

What is Selenium??

Firstly, Selenium is not a single automation tool like QTP, but it is basically a suite of software or a set of JAR files to automate web browsers across various browsers. Selenium is used by many companies, but a few to mention are Netflix, Google, HubSpot, Fitbit, and more.

Selenium Packages

Selenium IDE (Integrated Development Environment) – It is an add-on feature on Mozilla Firefox and Chrome. It is a playback and recording tool. You don’t need to know any language for using this tool. 

Selenium RC (Selenium 1.0)  – RC means Remote Control. Selenium RC was the main Selenium project for a long time before the WebDriver/Selenium merge brought up Selenium 2, the newest and more powerful tool.
Selenium RC is a tool that allows you to write automated web application UI tests in any programming language against any HTTP website using any mainstream enabled JavaScript enabled browser.

Selenium Grid – Grid supports parallel execution, which means multiple test scripts can be executed at the same time on multiple browsers. Selenium Grid supports distributed test execution. So, it will speed up the test execution.

Selenium Grid follows Hub-node architecture. The Hub knows the configuration of each node connected to it. When the Hub receives the information that a test needs to be run along with browser and OS information, then it checks for the available node with the same combination and sends the Selenium command to that node.

Selenium WebDriver – This is the latest version of Selenium. In WebDriver, web elements are identified on a web browser and then actions are performed on these web elements. Selenium WebDriver supports the testing of dynamic pages where web elements change without reloading the page.
 WebDriver overcomes the problem of single host origin policy which is present in RC. There is a website that is using Selenium to run an asynchronous job in their flask webapp. For more detail, you can refer the website – ExamDeewana.

What is a Single Host Origin Policy ??

This is an important aspect of the web application security model. As per this policy, a web browser allows scripts present on the first web page to access the data on the second web page, provided both the web pages have the same origin, which means the URI scheme, hostname, and port number are the same.

Why Selenium??

We know that there are a lot of automation tools in the market like QTP, RFT (Rational Functional Tester), and so on, then why Selenium is so famous.

1) Open Source – Selenium is an open-source tool, which means no associated cost of licensing. So, it is very cost-effective in the terms of automating the testing.

 2) Supports multiple languages, browsers, and Operating systems – Selenium supports multiple languages like Python, Pearl, Ruby, .Net, Java, C#, and PHP. You do need not to know multiple languages to start using Selenium. You should be proficient in any one of the above-mentioned languages and good to go. One of the most important features is that you do need not create the test script in the same language in which the web application is created. Suppose a web application is developed using JavaScript, but we can use any of the above mentioned languages to create Selenium test cases.
Selenium supports a range of browsers like Google Chrome, IE, Mozilla, Opera, Microsoft Edge, Safari, and Html Driver. It also supports different operating systems such as Windows, MAC, Linux, Android, iOS.

    3) Supports Parallel and Cross Browser Testing – Selenium supports parallel test execution. That means we can open multiple browsers at the same time and execute the test cases. This decrease the execution time significantly. Selenium supports Cross browser test execution. This refers to the fact that we can open different browsers like IE and Chrome and execute the same test cases or different test cases at the same time. This increases the coverage of test execution

    4) Supports Integration with DevOps, and Continuous Integration flow – Selenium can be easily integrated with various third-party tools like Jenkins, Maven, TestNG, JUnit, and Git.

    4.1 Jenkins – Jenkins is a continuous integration tool and can be integrated with Selenium. Jenkins is used for automatic test execution. That means whenever there is any change in software, Jenkins allows you to run the tests every time and deploy the changes to a new environment when the tests pass. Jenkins is also used for scheduling the tests to run at a specific time.
    4.2 Maven – Maven is a build management tool, based on the concept of Page Object Model (POM). It is used to define the structure of the project, dependencies, and build and test management. POM.xml file contains information about the version of web driver. It automatically downloads the necessary files from the repository to the local repository.
    4.3 TestNG – TestNG is an open-source automation testing framework. It helps to group and prioritize the test scripts and support data parameterization and reporting features.
    4.4 Git– Git is an open-source version control system. It allows committing the work locally and then syncing the local copy of the repository with a copy of the server.

    5) Framework Compatibility – Selenium supports various test automation frameworks like Data Driven, Keyword, or Hybrid. Users can select any type of framework depending on the project requirement. 
     Selenium has lots of methods to locate the elements in a webpage such as DOM, CSS, XPath, and so on. It can also be used to test web applications that use JavaScript and AJAX technologies.

    6) Supports mobile Testing – Selenium doesn’t perform mobile testing. But it supports mobile testing with the help of additional software like Selendroid and Appium. This software is based on Selenium, so anyone who is well-versed in selenium can apply the same principles for mobile app testing.

    7) Supports Database Testing – Selenium WebDriver in itself can’t perform Database Testing, but this can be done by using WebDriver with JDBC (“Java Database Connectivity”) API.  The API lets the user connect and interact with the data source and fetch the data with the help of automated queries.

    8) System Compatibility – Internet Explorer(IE) and Google Chrome support both 32-bit and 64-bit versions, where you can download and use them based on your system requirement.

    9) Selenium 4.0 – In Selenium 4.0, all the vendors like Google, Apple, Microsoft, and Firefox have their own drivers to work on Selenium. Selenium 4.0 supports Selenium Grid and Selenium WebDriver and stops using Selenium RC directly. Selenium Core is completely removed from the latest version of Selenium 3.0. 

    Like any other tool, Selenium also has some limitations, such as:-

    1) Programming knowledge is needed –   Selenium does not support codeless test automation. Testers need to know any one of the programming languages which are supported by selenium.

    2) No Image Comparison –   Selenium doesn’t support image comparison. To perform image comparison, selenium needs to be integrated with a third-party tool called – Sikuli

    3) No Official Customer Service Support –  It’s an open-source tool, so there is no official customer support team to address your issues. You can get support from tutorials, chat rooms, and online support, but not from product creators.

    4) No Reporting facility – The lack of automation of report generation is one of the biggest disadvantages. But, there are third-party tools that overcome this problem like TestNG, JUnit, Extent Library, and Allure.

    Architecture

    WebDriver talks to a browser through a driver. Communication is two-way: WebDriver passes commands to the browser through the driver and receives information back via the same route. The driver is specific to the browser, such as ChromeDriver for Google’s Chrome/Chromium, GeckoDriver for Mozilla’s Firefox, etc. The driver runs on the same system as the browser.