Selenium

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Highlighting Elements in Selenium Java

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Highlighting an element in Selenium can be useful for debugging purposes. It visually distinguishes the element being interacted with. This small addition can improve debugging, make demo videos clearer, and reduce false positives in your test results. 

In Selenium Java, you can achieve this by using JavaScript. You can alter the element’s style, such as adding a border around it.

In the below example, we want to highlight the text – English.

Below is the Selenium program that will highlight the text.

package Web;

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.JavascriptExecutor;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;

import java.time.Duration;

public class HighlightText_Example {

    public static void main(String args[]) {

        ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
        WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
        driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(10));
        driver.manage().window().maximize();

        try {
            driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");

            // identify the element
            WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='main_navbar']/ul/li[7]/div/a"));

            // Optionally, we wait to observe the element before changing the color
            Thread.sleep(1000);

            // Set the background color to yellow and the border to red
            JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;
            js.executeScript("arguments[0].style.backgroundColor = 'yellow'; arguments[0].style.border = '3px solid red';", element);

            // Optionally, we can wait to observe the highlight effect
            Thread.sleep(2000);
            System.out.println("Text is highlighted");

        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally{
            // Closing browser
            driver.quit();
        }
    }
}

The output of the above program is

Below is the image of yellow highlighted background with red border.

Explanation:

1. Set Up Chrome Options and WebDriver

ChromeOptions is created. A ChromeDriver object driver is created to control the Chrome browser. implicitlyWait is set to 10 seconds to wait for elements to be present before throwing an exception. The browser window is maximized for better visibility during the test.

ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(10));
driver.manage().window().maximize();

2. Navigate to a Webpage

The get() method of driver is used to navigate to the specified URL.

driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");

3. Find Element

An element is located using an XPath expression.

WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='main_navbar']/ul/li[7]/div/a"));

4. Execute JavaScript

Use the JavaScriptExecutor to apply styling to the element. This can include adding a border or changing the background color temporarily.

  // Set the background color to yellow and the border to red
 JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;
js.executeScript("arguments[0].style.backgroundColor = 'yellow'; arguments[0].style.border = '3px solid red';", element);

5.  Pause for visualization

This is an optional step. We have added it so that the user can see the color change.

 Thread.sleep(2000);

6.  Clean Up

The finally block ensures that the browser is closed irrespective of whether the test passes or fails, using driver.quit() to close all browser windows and end the session.

// Close the browser
driver.quit();

Summary:
1. Initialize a WebDriver and direct it to interact with your target webpage.
2. Identify the desired web element using suitable locators.
3. By using arguments[0].style.border=’3px solid red’, you can add a red border around the element, effectively highlighting it.

That’s it! Congratulations on making it through this tutorial and hope you found it useful! Happy Learning!!

vibssingh

Retrieve Font Properties with Selenium in Java

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Retrieving font properties using Selenium in Java is essential for testing and validating the styling of web applications. We can verify font-related CSS attributes such as font-family, font-size, and font-weight and so on. This ensures that your application’s user interface adheres to design specifications. It provides a consistent user experience across different browsers and environments.

To find the font properties of a web element in Selenium (Java), use the getCssValue method. We will use the getCssValue to extract properties of font like font-family, font-size, and many more.

In the below example, we want to find the font properties of the highlighted text, that is “LEARN MORE”.

Below is the Selenium program that find the font properties of the highlighted text.

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.time.Duration;

public class Font_Example {

    public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {

        ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
        WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
        driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(5));
        driver.manage().window().maximize();

        try {
            // Navigate to Url
            driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");

            WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@class='selenium-button-container']/a"));

            // Retrieve the font color
            String fontFamily  = element.getCssValue("font-family");
            System.out.println("fontFamily  : " + fontFamily );

            // Retrieve the font size
            String fontSize = element.getCssValue("font-size");
            System.out.println("fontSize : " + fontSize);

            // Retrieve the font weight
            String fontWeight = element.getCssValue("font-weight");
            System.out.println("fontWeight : " + fontWeight);

            // Retrieve the font style
            String fontStyle  = element.getCssValue("font-style");
            System.out.println("fontStyle : " + fontStyle);

            // Retrieve the font variation
            String fontVariant  = element.getCssValue("font-variant");
            System.out.println("fontVariant : " + fontVariant);

            // Retrieve the line height
            String lineHeight  = element.getCssValue("line-height");
            System.out.println("lineHeight : " + lineHeight);

            // Retrieve the letter spacing
            String letterSpacing  = element.getCssValue("letter-spacing");
            System.out.println("letterSpacing : " + letterSpacing);

            // Retrieve the text transform
            String textTransform  = element.getCssValue("text-transform");
            System.out.println("textTransform : " + textTransform);

            // Retrieve the text decoration
            String textDecoration  = element.getCssValue("text-decoration");
            System.out.println("textDecoration : " + textDecoration);

            System.out.println("####################### Verify the font properties #########################");

            // Verify the font family
            if (fontFamily.contains("Arial")) {
                System.out.println("fontFamily is as expected.");
            } else {
                System.out.println("fontFamily is not as expected. Found: " + fontFamily);
            }

            // Verify the font size
            if (fontSize.equals("16px")) {
                System.out.println("fontSize is as expected.");
            } else {
                System.out.println("fontSize is not as expected. Found: " + fontSize);
            }

            // Verify the font weight
            if (fontWeight.equals("500")) {
                System.out.println("fontWeight is as expected.");
            } else {
                System.out.println("fontWeight is not as expected. Found: " + fontWeight);
            }

            // Verify the font style
            if (fontStyle.equals("italic")) {
                System.out.println("fontStyle is as expected.");
            } else {
                System.out.println("fontStyle is not as expected. Found: " + fontStyle);
            }

            // Verify the font variant
            if (fontVariant.equals("small-caps")) {
                System.out.println("fontVariant is as expected.");
            } else {
                System.out.println("fontVariant is not as expected. Found: " + fontVariant);
            }

            // Verify the line height
            if (lineHeight.equals("24px")) {
                System.out.println("lineHeight is as expected.");
            } else {
                System.out.println("lineHeight is not as expected. Found: " + lineHeight);
            }

            // Verify the letter Spacing
            if (letterSpacing.equals("normal")) {
                System.out.println("letterSpacing is as expected.");
            } else {
                System.out.println("letterSpacing is not as expected. Found: " + letterSpacing);
            }

            // Verify the text Transform
            if (textTransform.equals("lowercase")) {
                System.out.println("textTransform is as expected.");
            } else {
                System.out.println("textTransform is not as expected. Found: " + textTransform);
            }

            // Verify the text Decoration
            if (textDecoration.equals("underline")) {
                System.out.println("textDecoration is as expected.");
            } else {
                System.out.println("textDecoration is not as expected. Found: " + textDecoration);
            }

        } finally {
            // Close the browser
            driver.quit();
        }
    }
}

The output of the above program is

Explanation:

1. Set Up Chrome Options and WebDriver

ChromeOptions is created. A ChromeDriver object driver is created to control the Chrome browser. implicitlyWait is set to 5 seconds to wait for elements to be present before throwing an exception. The browser window is maximized for better visibility during the test.

ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(5));
driver.manage().window().maximize();

2. Navigate to the Webpage

The get() method of driver is used to navigate to the specified URL.

driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");

3. Find Element

An element is located using an XPath expression that targets an anchor tag within a specific container class. 

WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@class='selenium-button-container']/a"));

4. Retrieve and Print CSS Font Properties

The script fetches various font-related CSS properties using getCssValue().

  1. font-family – Specifies the typeface to be applied to the text. (e.g. Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif)
  2. font-size – Determines the size of the font displayed in the element. (e.g. 16px)
  3. font-weight – Defines the weight (or thickness) of the font.(e.g. 100, 200, 400, 700)
  4. font-style – Applies styles such as italics to the text. (e.g. normal, italic, oblique)
  5. font-variant – Adjusts the appearance of text for typographic effects(e.g. small-caps, normal)
  6. line-height – Controls the vertical space between lines of text. (e.g. 24px)
  7. letter-spacing – Adjusts the space between individual letters. (e.g. normal)
  8. text-transform – Modifies the capitalization of text. (e.g. uppercase, lowercase, capitalize)
  9. text-decoration – Applies decorative lines to text. (e.g. underline, strikethrough)
// Retrieve the font color
String fontFamily  = element.getCssValue("font-family");
System.out.println("fontFamily  : " + fontFamily );

// Retrieve the font size
String fontSize = element.getCssValue("font-size");
System.out.println("fontSize : " + fontSize);

// Retrieve the font weight
String fontWeight = element.getCssValue("font-weight");
System.out.println("fontWeight : " + fontWeight);

// Retrieve the font style
String fontStyle  = element.getCssValue("font-style");
System.out.println("fontStyle : " + fontStyle);

// Retrieve the font variation
String fontVariant  = element.getCssValue("font-variant");
System.out.println("fontVariant : " + fontVariant);

// Retrieve the line height
String lineHeight  = element.getCssValue("line-height");
System.out.println("lineHeight : " + lineHeight);

// Retrieve the letter spacing
String letterSpacing  = element.getCssValue("letter-spacing");
System.out.println("letterSpacing : " + letterSpacing);

// Retrieve the text transform
String textTransform  = element.getCssValue("text-transform");
System.out.println("textTransform : " + textTransform);

// Retrieve the text decoration
String textDecoration  = element.getCssValue("text-decoration");
System.out.println("textDecoration : " + textDecoration);

5.  Verification of CSS Properties

Each retrieved property is compared against expected values with individual checks. It prints corresponding messages based on whether the actual properties match the expected ones.

// Verify the font family
if (fontFamily.contains("Arial")) {
    System.out.println("fontFamily is as expected.");
} else {
    System.out.println("fontFamily is not as expected. Found: " + fontFamily);
}

// Verify the font size
if (fontSize.equals("16px")) {
    System.out.println("fontSize is as expected.");
} else {
    System.out.println("fontSize is not as expected. Found: " + fontSize);
}

// Verify the font weight
if (fontWeight.equals("500")) {
    System.out.println("fontWeight is as expected.");
} else {
    System.out.println("fontWeight is not as expected. Found: " + fontWeight);
}

// Verify the font style
if (fontStyle.equals("italic")) {
    System.out.println("fontStyle is as expected.");
} else {
    System.out.println("fontStyle is not as expected. Found: " + fontStyle);
}

// Verify the font variant
if (fontVariant.equals("small-caps")) {
    System.out.println("fontVariant is as expected.");
} else {
    System.out.println("fontVariant is not as expected. Found: " + fontVariant);
}

// Verify the line height
if (lineHeight.equals("24px")) {
    System.out.println("lineHeight is as expected.");
} else {
    System.out.println("lineHeight is not as expected. Found: " + lineHeight);
}

// Verify the letter Spacing
if (letterSpacing.equals("normal")) {
    System.out.println("letterSpacing is as expected.");
} else {
    System.out.println("letterSpacing is not as expected. Found: " + letterSpacing);
}

// Verify the text Transform
if (textTransform.equals("lowercase")) {
    System.out.println("textTransform is as expected.");
} else {
    System.out.println("textTransform is not as expected. Found: " + textTransform);
}

// Verify the text Decoration
if (textDecoration.equals("underline")) {
    System.out.println("textDecoration is as expected.");
} else {
    System.out.println("textDecoration is not as expected. Found: " + textDecoration);
}

6.  Clean Up

The finally block ensures that the browser is closed irrespective of whether the test passes or fails, using driver.quit() to close all browser windows and end the session.

// Close the browser
driver.quit();

Summary:
1. Initialize a WebDriver and direct it to interact with your target webpage.
2. Identify the desired web element using suitable locators.
3. Retrieve and print out the CSS values for font attributes using getCssValue.

That’s it! Congratulations on making it through this tutorial and hope you found it useful! Happy Learning!!

vibssingh

How to Retrieve Text and Background Colors with Selenium in Java

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In the web development, user experience plays a crucial part. Testers should ensure that style guides are followed across different pages. They should also be applied consistently to components. Verifying that the colors on a web page match design specifications helps maintain brand consistency. It ensures that the user interface looks as intended. There are chances that colors render differently across browsers and devices. Testing across different environments ensures that no matter where the website is accessed, the experience remains consistent.

To find the text color and background color of a web element in Selenium (Java), use the “getCssValue” method. Use “color” for the text color. Use “background-color” for the background color. You can convert the result to HEX using

org.openqa.selenium.support.Color.

Find Text color

In the below example, we want to find the text color of the highlighted text.

Below is the Selenium program that find the text color and match it with the expected color.

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.Color;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.time.Duration;

public class Color_Example {

    public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {

        String expectedColor = "#ffffff"; // White color in HEX

        ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
        WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
        driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(10));
        driver.manage().window().maximize();

        try {
            // Navigate to Url
            driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");

            WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("dev-partners"));

            // Retrieve the font color CSS property as RGBA
            String rgbaColor = element.getCssValue("color");
            System.out.println("rgbaColor : " + rgbaColor);

            // Convert the RGBA color to hex using the Color class
            String hexColor = Color.fromString(rgbaColor).asHex();
            System.out.println("hexColor : " + hexColor);

            // Convert the RGBA color to RGB using the Color class
            String rgbColor = Color.fromString(rgbaColor).asRgb();
            System.out.println("rgbColor : " + rgbColor);

            // Verify the color (example: verifying against expected #ffffff color)
            if (hexColor.equals(expectedColor)) {
                System.out.println("Hex color is as expected.");
            } else {
                System.out.println("Hex color is not as expected. Found: " + hexColor);
            }

        } finally {
            // Close the browser
            driver.quit();
        }
    }
}

The output of the above program is

Explanation:

1.Define Expected Color

Variable expectedColor is defined to hold the expected hexadecimal color value (`#ffffff`, representing white).

 String expectedColor = "#ffffff"; // White color in HEX

2. Set Up Chrome Options and WebDriver

ChromeOptions is created. A ChromeDriver object driver is created to control the Chrome browser. implicitlyWait is set to 10 seconds to wait for elements to be present before throwing an exception. The browser window is maximized for better visibility during the test.

ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(10));
driver.manage().window().maximize();

3. Navigate to a Webpage

The get() method of driver is used to navigate to the specified URL.

driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");

4. Find Element and Retrieve CSS Property

The element is located by the specified id, “dev-partners”. The getCssValue method retrieves the color of the element in RGBA format.

WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("dev-partners"));

// Retrieve the font color CSS property as RGBA
String rgbaColor = element.getCssValue("color");
System.out.println("rgbaColor : " + rgbaColor);

5. Convert Color Formats

RGBA to Hex: `Color.fromString(rgbaColor).asHex()` converts the RGBA color to hexadecimal format.
RGBA to RGB: `Color.fromString(rgbaColor).asRgb()` converts the RGBA color to RGB format for additional representation.

 // Convert the RGBA color to hex using the Color class
String hexColor = Color.fromString(rgbaColor).asHex();
System.out.println("hexColor : " + hexColor);

// Convert the RGBA color to RGB using the Color class
String rgbColor = Color.fromString(rgbaColor).asRgb();
System.out.println("rgbColor : " + rgbColor);

6. Verify Color

The hexadecimal color of the element is compared with expectedColor. If they match, it prints a confirmation message. If they do not match, it prints a message indicating the color did not match the expected value.

 // Verify the color (example: verifying against expected #ffffff color)
 if (hexColor.equals(expectedColor)) {
          System.out.println("Hex color is as expected.");
} else {
          System.out.println("Hex color is not as expected. Found: " + hexColor);
}

7.  Clean Up

The finally block ensures that the browser is closed irrespective of whether the test passes or fails, using driver.quit() to close all browser windows and end the session.

// Close the browser
driver.quit();

Find Background color

If we want to find the background color, then use the below command:

getCssValue("background-color")

Below is an example to find the background color.

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.Color;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.time.Duration;

public class BackgroundColor_Example {

    public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {

        ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
        WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
        driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(10));
        driver.manage().window().maximize();

        try {
            // Navigate to Url
            driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");

            WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("dev-partners"));

            // Retrieve the background color CSS property
            String bgColorValue = element.getCssValue("background-color");
            System.out.println("color : " + bgColorValue);

            // Convert the background color to HEX format
            String hexColor = Color.fromString(bgColorValue).asHex();
            System.out.println("hexColor : " + hexColor);

            // Convert the background color to RGB format
            String rgbColor = Color.fromString(bgColorValue).asRgb();
            System.out.println("rgbColor : " + rgbColor);

            // Verify the color (example: verifying against expected #43b02a color)
            String expectedColor = "#43b02a"; // Green color in HEX
            if (hexColor.equals(expectedColor)) {
                System.out.println("Background color is as expected.");
            } else {
                System.out.println("Background color is not as expected. Found: " + hexColor);
            }
        } finally {
            // Close the browser
            driver.quit();
        }
    }
}

The output of the above program is

Summary:
1. Initialize a WebDriver and direct it to interact with your target webpage.
2. Identify the desired web element using suitable locators.
3. Retrieve and print out the CSS values for text and background colors using getCssValue.

More details about colors in Selenium can be found from this page – https://www.selenium.dev/documentation/webdriver/support_features/colors/

That’s it! Congratulations on making it through this tutorial and hope you found it useful! Happy Learning!!

vibssingh

Advance Selenium Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ2

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Welcome to the Advance Selenium Quiz! This blog post features 25 multiple-choice questions that explore advance concepts of Selenium.

1. Selenium can be used to automate Mobile application?

Select the best answer

a) Yes
b) No

Answer 1

b) No

Selenium itself cannot be directly used to automate mobile applications. However, Selenium can be integrated with tools like Appium, which is specifically designed for automating mobile applications.

2. Selenium can be used to automate Desktop application?

Choose one option

a) Yes
b) No

Answer 2

b) No

3. Does Selenium can be used to automate Captcha or OTP?

Choose one option

a) Yes
b) No

Answer 3

b) No

4. Selenium can handle the Browser cookies?

Choose one option

a) Yes
b) No

Answer 4

a) Yes

5. Can we run Selenium tests in GitHub pipeline?

Choose one option

a) Yes
b) No

Answer 5

a) Yes

6. Selenium tests can be run in GitLab pipeline?

a) Yes
b) No

Answer 6

a) Yes

7. What are the benefits of using Docker in a CI/CD pipeline for Selenium tests?

a) Docker ensures that the same environment is used across development, testing, and production, minimizing environment-related issues.
b) Docker allows you to spin up multiple containers in parallel, thereby speeding up the test execution process.
c) Docker integrates well with CI/CD tools like Jenkins, GitLab CI, CircleCI, and Travis CI, making it easy to run Selenium tests within these systems.
d) All of the above

Answer 7

d) All of the above

8. What does the following Selenium WebDriver code do?

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https://www.example.com");
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("submitButton"));
element.click();

Choose one option

a) Opens Firefox, navigates to https://www.example.com, finds the element with the id “submitButton”, and clicks it.
b) Opens Chrome, navigates to https://www.example.com, finds the element with the id “submitButton”, and clicks it.
c) Opens Safari, navigates to https://www.example.com, finds the element with the id “submitButton”, and clicks it.
d) Opens Chrome, navigates to https://www.example.com, finds the element with the name “submitButton”, and clicks it.

Answer 8

b) Opens Chrome, navigates to “https://www.example.com”, finds the element with the id “submitButton”, and clicks it.

9. What will the following code snippet do?

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https://www.example.com");
List<WebElement> links = driver.findElements(By.tagName("a"));
System.out.println("Number of links: " + links.size());

Choose one option

a) Prints the text of all the links on the webpage.
b) Prints the total number of links on the webpage.
c) Clicks on all the links on the webpage.
d) Generates an error as `findElements` is not a valid method.

Answer 9

b) Prints the total number of links on the webpage.

10. What exception will be thrown by the following code if the specified element is not found within 10 seconds?

WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 10);
WebElement element = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.id("elementId")));

Choose one option

a) NoSuchElementException
b) ElementNotVisibleException
c) TimeoutException
d) StaleElementReferenceException

Answer 10

c) TimeoutException

11. Which method is used to handle a JavaScript alert in Selenium WebDriver?

driver.switchTo().___.accept();

Choose one option

a) alert
b) popup
c) window
d) frame

Answer 11

a) alert

12.  Which of the following will correctly initialize and use the `Select` class to select an option from a dropdown?

WebElement dropdown = driver.findElement(By.id("dropdown"));
Select select = new Select(dropdown);
select.___("Option 1");

Choose one option

a) click
b) setText
c) selectByVisibleText
d) selectByIndex

Answer 12

c) selectByVisibleText

13. Given the following piece of code, which mouse action is being performed?

Actions actions = new Actions(driver);
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("elementId"));
actions.contextClick(element).perform();

Choose one option

a) Double-click on the element
b) Right-click on the element
c) Drag and drop the element
d) Hover over the element

Answer 13

b) Right-click on the element

14. What is the purpose of the following code snippet?

File screenshot = ((TakesScreenshot) driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
FileUtils.copyFile(screenshot, new File("path/to/screenshot.png"));

Choose one option

a) Takes a screenshot and saves it to the specified location.
b) Records a video of the browser session.
c) Prints the HTML source of the current page.
d) Extracts text from an image on the webpage.

Answer 14

a) Takes a screenshot and saves it to the specified location.

15. Which of the following code snippets will switch to a frame by its name or ID?

driver.switchTo().___("frameNameOrId");

Choose one option

a) window
b) alert
c) frame
d) defaultContent

Answer 15

c) frame

16. Given the following Selenium WebDriver code, what does `.sendKeys(Keys.TAB)` achieve?

WebElement inputField = driver.findElement(By.id("inputField"));
inputField.sendKeys("test data");
inputField.sendKeys(Keys.TAB);

Choose one option

a) Submits the form containing the input field.
b) Clears the text in the input field.
c) Moves the focus to the next element in the form.
d) Opens a new browser tab.

Answer 16

c) Moves the focus to the next element in the form.

17. What will the following Java code do?

driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

Choose one option

a) Waits for 20 seconds before executing any WebDriver command.
b) Sets the timeout for finding elements to 20 seconds.
c) Sets the page load timeout to 20 seconds.
d) Sets the script timeout to 20 seconds.

Answer 17

b) Sets the timeout for finding elements to 20 seconds.

18. What does the following Selenium WebDriver code do?

WebElement table = driver.findElement(By.id("tableId"));
List<WebElement> rows = table.findElements(By.tagName("tr"));
WebElement firstCell = rows.get(0).findElements(By.tagName("td")).get(0);
System.out.println(firstCell.getText());

Choose one option

a) Prints the number of rows in the table with id “tableId”
b) Clicks on the first cell in the table
c) Prints the text from the first cell in the first row of the table with id “tableId”
d) Prints the number of columns in the first row of the table

Answer 18

c) Prints the text from the first cell in the first row of the table with id “tableId”

 19. Which of the following code snippets deletes all cookies in the current browser session?

driver.manage().___();

a) removeAllCookies()
b) deleteAllCookies()
c) clearCookies()
d) dropAllCookies()

Answer 19

b) deleteAllCookies()

20. How can you add a new cookie to the browser session in Selenium WebDriver?

Cookie cookie = new Cookie("name", "value");
driver.manage().___(cookie);

Choose one option

a) insertCookie
b) addCookie
c) setCookie
d) putCookie

Answer 20

b) addCookie

21. Which method retrieves all the options from a dropdown as a list of WebElement?

Select dropdown = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id("dropdownId")));
List<WebElement> options = dropdown.___();

a) getAllOptions
b) retrieveOptions
c) findOptions
d) getOptions

Answer 21

d) getOptions

22. What exception is thrown when a Selenium WebDriver command takes too long to execute, exceeding the configured timeout limits?

a) TimeoutException
b) NoSuchElementException
c) WebDriverException
d) ElementNotVisibleException

Answer 22

a) TimeoutException

23. Given the following code snippet, which exception handling mechanism is being demonstrated?

try {
    WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("submit"));
    element.click();
} catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
    System.out.println("Element not found.");
}

a) Handling ElementNotVisibleException
b) Handling StaleElementReferenceException
c) Handling NoSuchElementException
d) Handling TimeoutException

Answer 23

c) NoSuchElementException

24. Which of the following exceptions is thrown when an action is attempted on an element that is disabled?

a) ElementNotSelectableException
b) InvalidElementStateException
c) ElementNotVisibleException
d) NoSuchElementException

Answer 24

b) InvalidElementStateException

25. What is the appropriate exception to handle when a script attempt to interact with a non-clickable element?

a) ElementNotVisibleException
b) ElementClickInterceptedException
c) StaleElementReferenceException
d) NoSuchElementException

Answer 25

b) ElementClickInterceptedException

We would love to hear from you! Please leave your comments and share your scores in the section below

vibssingh

How to test HTML5 validation messages with Selenium

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What is HTML?

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the most basic building block of the Web. It defines the meaning and structure of web content. 

<input> elements of type email are used to let the user enter and edit an email address, or, if the multiple attribute is specified, a list of email addresses.

Below is an example of Email box.

<label for="email">Enter your example.com email:</label>

<input type="email" id="email" pattern=".+@example\.com" size="30" required />

Testing HTML5 validation messages with Selenium involves checking the behavior of form elements when they fail client-side validation.

Step 1 – Initialize WebDriver

Initialize the WebDriver. Here, it is ChromeDriver.

ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);

Step 2 – Put an Implicit wait and launch URL

driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(5));
String filePath = "file:///C:/Users/vibha/OneDrive/Desktop/Email.html";
driver.get(filePath);

Step 3 – Maximize the browser

Maximizes the browser window.

driver.manage().window().maximize();

Step 4 – Locate Web Element and Perform Validation

Locates the email input field using “By.id“. Sends an empty string to trigger the form validation. Retrieves the validation message using “getAttribute(“validationMessage”)“.

WebElement email = driver.findElement(By.id("email"));
email.sendKeys("");
String validationMessage = email.getAttribute("validationMessage");

Step 5 – Validation Check

Prints out whether the validation test passed or failed based on the comparison.

 String expectedMessage = "Please fill out this field.";
    if (validationMessage.equals(expectedMessage)) {
        System.out.println("Validation test passed. :" + validationMessage);
    } else {
        System.out.println("Validation test failed. Expected: '" + expectedMessage + "' but got: '" + validationMessage + "'");
    }

Step 6 – Close the Browser

Closes the browser and ends the WebDriver session.

driver.quit();

Below is an example to test the validation message generated on entering the blank space in the email field.

package com.example.Sample;

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;

import java.time.Duration;
import java.util.List;

public class HTML5Validation {

    public static void main(String[] args)  {

        // Setup the webdriver
        ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
        WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);

        // Put an Implicit wait and launch URL
        driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(5));
        String filePath = "file:///C:/Users/vibha/OneDrive/Desktop/Email.html";
        driver.get(filePath);

        //maximize browser
        driver.manage().window().maximize();

        //Blank field
        WebElement email = driver.findElement(By.id("email"));
        email.sendKeys("");
        String validationMessage = email.getAttribute("validationMessage");

        // Expected validation message 
        String expectedMessage = "Please fill out this field.";
        if (validationMessage.equals(expectedMessage)) {
            System.out.println("Validation test passed. :" + validationMessage);
        } else {
            System.out.println("Validation test failed. Expected: '" + expectedMessage + "' but got: '" + validationMessage + "'");
        }

         // Close the browser
         driver.quit();
    }

}

The output of the above program is

Note:

The validation message might vary based on the browser (and its version) and the system’s language/locale settings.

That’s it! Congratulations on making it through this tutorial and hope you found it useful! Happy Learning!!

vibssingh

Advance Selenium Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ1

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Welcome to the Advance Selenium Quiz! This blog post features 25 multiple-choice questions that explore essential concepts of Selenium.

1. What are the different types of frameworks in Selenium?

Select the best answer

a) Data Driven Framework
b) Keyboard Driven Framework
c) Hybrid Framework
d) Page Object Model Framework
e) All

Answer

2. Is it possible to test APIs or web services using Selenium Webdriver?

Choose one option

a) Yes
b) No

Answer

3. Is it possible to test the database using Selenium?

Choose one option

a) Yes
b) No

Answer

4. Does Selenium come with built-in reporting capabilities?

Choose one option

a) Yes
b) No

Answer

5. Is cross-browser testing supported by Selenium?

Choose one option

a) Yes
b) No

Answer

6. Is parallel testing supported by Selenium?

a) Yes
b) No

Answer

7. Can Selenium handle Security Testing on its own?

a) Yes
b) No

Answer

8. Can we integrate Selenium Framework with CI/CD pipelines?

Choose one option

a) Yes
b) No

Answer

9. What is the purpose of using the PageFactory class in Selenium?

Choose one option

a) To find elements on a page using CSS selectors
b) To manage the browser cookies
c) To initialize web elements defined in a Page Object class
d) To handle browser pop-ups

Answer

10. Which WebDriver method is used to wait until a web element is visible on the page?

Choose one option

a)  driver.waitForElement()

b)  new WebDriverWait().until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable())

c)  Thread.sleep()

d)  new WebDriverWait().until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated())

Answer

11. Which WebDriver method simulates a right-click (context click) action on a web element?

Choose one option

a)  Actions.doubleClick(element)

b)  WebElement.contextClick()

c)  Actions.moveToElement(element).click()

d)  Actions.contextClick(element)

Answer

12.  How do you take a screenshot in Selenium WebDriver?

Choose one option

a)  driver.takeScreenshot()

b)  ((TakesScreenshot) driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE)

c)  driver.getScreenshot()

d)  driver.captureScreen()

Answer

13. Is it possible to integrate Selenium with JUnit?

Choose one option

a) Yes
b) No

Answer

14. Is it possible to integrate Selenium with TestNG?

Choose one option

a) Yes
b) No

Answer

15. How can data-driven tests be achieved in Selenium with TestNG?

Choose one option

a) By using the @DataProvider annotation
b) By using the @DataDriven annotation
c) By using the @Test annotation with parameters attribute
d) By using the @TestData annotation

Answer

16. How can you run Selenium tests in parallel using TestNG?

Choose one option

a) Modify the test class constructor
b) Use the synchronized keyword
c) Configure the testng.xml file with parallel execution settings
d) Use the parallel=true annotation

Answer

17. Which CI/CD tool is widely used for integrating Selenium tests in an automated build process?

Choose one option

a) Jenkins
b) Microsoft Excel
c) PowerPoint
d) Oracle Database

Answer

18. In Jenkins, which plugin is commonly used to visualize test results generated by Selenium tests?

Choose one option

a) HTML Publisher Plugin
b) CSV Export Plugin
c) Spreadsheet Plugin
d) Diagram Generator Plugin

Answer

 19. Which Selenium Grid capability is particularly useful in a CI/CD pipeline for executing tests in parallel across different browsers and platforms?

a) Browser Synthetic Testing
b) Remote WebDriver
c) Cross-Browser Testing
d) Selenium IDE

Answer

20. When integrating Selenium with a CI/CD pipeline, what is the role of the Headless browser mode?

Choose one option

a) To execute browser tests without a graphical user interface, reducing resource consumption
b) To run tests exclusively on mobile devices
c) To make browsers invisible while the graphical interface is still running
d) To configure user sessions on virtual machines

Answer

21. How can you store sensitive information, such as Selenium Grid credentials, securely in GitHub Actions?

a) Directly hardcode the credentials into the YAML file
b) Use GitHub Secrets to store and access sensitive information
c) Email the credentials to team members
d) Store the credentials in a public repository

Answer

22. Is it possible to run Selenium tests using Cucumber?

a) Yes
b) No

Answer

23. Can we use Selenium for Performance Testing?

a) Yes
b) No

Answer

24. Does Selenium has inbuilt functionality to test excel?

a) Yes
b) No

Answer

25. Does Selenium have built-in functionality to test PDF files?

a) Yes
b) No

Answer

====================================================================

Don’t keep your scores a secret! Share them and let us know your thoughts by commenting below.

vibssingh

Advance Selenium Multiple Choice Answers – MCQ1

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Welcome to the SQL Quiz!

Advance Selenium Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ1

Answers

1) e) All

2) b) No

It is not possible to test APIs or web services directly using Selenium WebDriver. Selenium is primarily designed for automating web browser interactions and performing functional testing of web applications by simulating user actions.

3) b) No

4) b) No

5) a) Yes

6) a) Yes

By using testing frameworks such as TestNG or JUnit, you can configure and run your Selenium tests in parallel.

7) b) No

Selenium cannot handle security testing on its own. However, it can assist in certain aspects of security testing when integrated with specialized security tools.

8) a) Yes

9) c) To initialize web elements defined in a Page Object class

10) d) new WebDriverWait().until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated())

11) d) Actions.contextClick(element)

12) b) ((TakesScreenshot) driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE)

13) a) Yes

14) a) Yes

15) a) By using the @DataProvider annotation

16) c) Configure the testng.xml file with parallel execution settings

17) a) Jenkins

18) a) HTML Publisher Plugin

19) c) Cross-Browser Testing

20) a) To execute browser tests without a graphical user interface, reducing resource consumption

21) b) Use GitHub Secrets to store and access sensitive information

22) a) Yes

23) b) No

Selenium is not designed for performance testing. For performance testing, specialized tools such as JMeter, Gatling, and LoadRunner are more appropriate.

24) b) No

Selenium does not have inbuilt functionality specifically for testing Excel files. We can use external libraries in conjunction with Selenium to work with Excel files, like Apache POI.

25) b) No

vibssingh

How to test HTML ordered list in Selenium

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What is the ordered list?

HTML Ordered List is created by the HTML <ol> tag, to display elements in an ordered form, either numerical or alphabetical. Within the <ol> tag, list items <li> are used to define the items in sequential order.

This attribute is used to specify the start value of the list.

<ol>

<html>

<head>
    <title>Numbered List Example</title>
</head>

<body>
    <h2>Ordered List with Numbers</h2>
    <ol>
        <li>JavaScript</li>
        <li>Python</li>
        <li>Java</li>
        <li>C++</li>
        <li>C#</li>
    </ol>
</body>

</html>

Below is the program to print all the elements present in the ordered list in Selenium.

package com.example;

import org.openqa.selenium.Alert;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;

import java.time.Duration;
import java.util.List;

public class OrderedList {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        // Setup the webdriver
        ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
        WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);

        // Put an Implicit wait and launch URL
        driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(5));

        //Start Browser
        String filePath = "file:///C:/Users/vibha/OneDrive/Desktop/OrderedList.html";
        driver.get(filePath);

        //maximize browser
        driver.manage().window().maximize();

        //Locate the ordered list using its tag name
        WebElement orderedList = driver.findElement(By.tagName(("ol")));

        //Fetch all the list items
        List<WebElement> listItems = orderedList.findElements(By.tagName("li"));

        //Iterate through the list and print the contents
        for (int i = 0; i < listItems.size(); i++) {
            System.out.println(listItems.get(i).getText());
        }

        //Close the main window
        driver.quit();
    }

}

The output of the above program is

1. Initialize WebDriver

Initialize the WebDriver. Here, it is ChromeDriver.

// Setup the webdriver
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);

2. Put an Implicit wait and launch URL

driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(5));
String filePath = "file:///C:/Users/vibha/OneDrive/Desktop/OrderedList.html";
driver.get(filePath);

3. Maximize the browser

driver.manage().window().maximize();

4. Locate the ordered list using the tag name.

Use Selenium tagName method to locate the element.

 WebElement orderedList = driver.findElement(By.tagName(("ol")));

5. Fetch all the items

Iterate through the list and print the contents.

 List<WebElement> listItems = orderedList.findElements(By.tagName("li"));
for (int i = 0; i < listItems.size(); i++) {
            System.out.println(listItems.get(i).getText());
 }

6. Close the driver

Make sure to quit the browser to free up all the resources.

driver.quit();

Note:-

  1. Ensure that the correct locators are used to minimize the risk of element identification issues.
  2. Handle the exceptions, if any occur in the program.

That’s it! Congratulations on making it through this tutorial and hope you found it useful! Happy Learning!!

vibssingh

Download PDF in Firefox with Selenium Java

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In this article we will see how we can download a pdf file using selenium at a desired location in java on Firefox browser.

Many applications generate PDF Report like Billing Report, Policy Report, so on and as part of the testing process, the QA needs to download the PDF’s and verify the data present in that report. We should be able to perform this operation using automation also. Selenium supports the downloading of the document like PDF, word, excel and many more.

Implementation Steps

Step 1 – Define directory path for PDF to be downloaded

Define the directory path where the PDF will be downloaded. Here, it will create a directory with the name of downloads in the project.

 String downloadFilepath = System.getProperty("user.dir") + File.separator + "downloads";

Step 2 – Configure FirefoxOptions to set download preferences in Firefox

This includes setting the browser to always download PDFs instead of opening them in the browser, and specifying the default download directory.

FirefoxOptions options = new FirefoxOptions();
options.addPreference("browser.download.folderList", 2);
options.addPreference("browser.download.dir", downloadFilepath);
options.addPreference("browser.helperApps.neverAsk.saveToDisk", "application/pdf");

Explanation

options.addPreference("browser.download.folderList", 2);

This preference sets where downloaded files will be saved. The value `2` indicates that all downloaded files should be saved to a user-specified directory.

options.addPreference("browser.download.dir", downloadFilepath);

This preference sets the directory path where Firefox will save the downloaded files.

options.addPreference("browser.helperApps.neverAsk.saveToDisk", "application/pdf");

This preference specifies the MIME types for which Firefox will automatically download files without prompting the user with an “Open/Save As” dialog. In this case, application/pdf is being used to indicate that PDF files should be downloaded directly.

 Step 3 – Initialize WebDriver and Open Webpage

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(options);
driver.manage().window().maximize();
driver.get("https://freetestdata.com/document-files/pdf/");

Step 4 – Find and Click the Download Link and wait for the download completion

Locate the download link using XPath and click on it to start the download.

WebElement downloadLink = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10))
              .until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.xpath("//*[@class=\"elementor-button-text\"]")));
downloadLink.click();

Step 5 – Verify the File Download

Check if the downloaded file exists in the specified download directory or not.

 File downloadedFile = new File(downloadFilepath + "/Free_Test_Data_100KB_PDF.pdf");
        if (downloadedFile.exists()) {
            System.out.println("File is downloaded!");
        } else {
            System.out.println("File is not downloaded.");
      }

Step 6 – Quit the WebDriver

driver.quit();

The complete program can be seen below:

package com.example;

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxOptions;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;

import java.io.File;
import java.time.Duration;

public class FirefoxDownload_PDF {

    public static void main(String[] args)  {

        // Setup download directory
        String downloadFilepath = System.getProperty("user.dir") + File.separator + "firefox_downloads";

        // FirefoxOptions configuration
        FirefoxOptions options = new FirefoxOptions();
        options.addPreference("browser.download.folderList", 2);
        options.addPreference("browser.download.dir", downloadFilepath);
        options.addPreference("browser.helperApps.neverAsk.saveToDisk", "application/pdf");

        // Initialize Firefox WebDriver and configure browser window
        WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(options);
        driver.manage().window().maximize();
        driver.get("https://freetestdata.com/document-files/pdf/");

        // Locate the download link/button and click and wait for the download to complete
        WebElement downloadLink = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10))
                .until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.xpath("//*[@class=\"elementor-button-text\"]")));
        downloadLink.click();

        // Verify if the PDF file exists
        File downloadedFile = new File(downloadFilepath + "/Free_Test_Data_100KB_PDF.pdf");
        if (downloadedFile.exists()) {
            System.out.println("File is downloaded from Firefox!");
        } else {
            System.out.println("File is not downloaded.");
        }

        // Cleanup: close the browser
        driver.quit();
    }
}

The output of the above program is

We can see that a firefox_downloads folder is created, and it has the downloaded pdf file – Free_Test_Data_100KB_PDF.pdf.

Summary:

  • Setup: Configures Firefox to automatically download PDFs and sets the download directory.
  • Automatically save files of specified MIME types (in this case, PDFs) without prompting the user with a dialog.
  • Download and Verify: Navigates to a specific URL, clicks the download link, waits for the download to complete, and verifies if the file exists in the specified directory.
  • Cleanup: Closes the browser session.

That’s it! Congratulations on making it through this tutorial and hope you found it useful! Happy Learning!!

vibssingh

Merge PDF Files in Selenium with Java

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In this article we will see how we can see how we will merge 2 PDF files in a single PDF file using selenium Java.

Merging PDF documents in Selenium using Java requires some additional libraries because Selenium itself does not provide direct support for reading PDFs. The most commonly used library for reading PDFs in Java is Apache PDFBox.

Table of Contents

  1. Add the dependencies
  2. WebDriver SetUp and navigate to the page
  3. Download the pdfs
  4. Merging the PDFs
  5. Delete old PDF files
  6. Quit the browser

Sample PDF File1

Sample PDF File2

1. Add the dependencies

  <dependency>
      <groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
      <artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
      <version>4.24.0</version>
    </dependency>

    <dependency>
      <groupId>commons-io</groupId>
      <artifactId>commons-io</artifactId>
      <version>2.16.1</version>
    </dependency>

    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.apache.pdfbox</groupId>
      <artifactId>pdfbox</artifactId>
      <version>3.0.3</version>
    </dependency>

2. WebDriver SetUp and navigate to the page

Configuring WebDriver for Chrome and setting ChromeOptions for downloading PDFs automatically without prompts.

 String downloadFilepath = System.getProperty("user.dir") + File.separator + "downloads";

        ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
        Map<String, Object> prefs = new HashMap<>();
        prefs.put("plugins.always_open_pdf_externally", true);
        prefs.put("download.default_directory", downloadFilepath);
        options.setExperimentalOption("prefs", prefs);

        WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
        driver.manage().window().maximize();
        driver.get("https://freetestdata.com/document-files/pdf/");

3. Download the pdfs

We are using the Apache PDFBox to download PDF files.

We are using WebDriverWait to wait until the pdfs are downloaded.

// Download first PDF
    WebElement downloadLink1 = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@class='elementor-button-text']"));
    downloadLink1.click();

//Wait for first PDF download to complete
   File downloadedFile1 = new File(downloadFilepath + "/Free_Test_Data_100KB_PDF.pdf");    
   WebDriverWait wait1 = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(30));
   wait1.until((ExpectedCondition<Boolean>) wd -> downloadedFile1.exists());
    System.out.println("PDF file1 is downloaded successfully.");

// Download second PDF
    WebElement downloadLink2 = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id=\"post-81\"]/div/div/section[3]/div/div[1]/div/section[2]/div/div[2]/div/div/div/div/a/span/span"));
    downloadLink2.click();

//Wait for first PDF download to complete
    File downloadedFile2 = new File(downloadFilepath + "/260KB.pdf");
   WebDriverWait wait2 = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(30));
    wait2.until((ExpectedCondition<Boolean>) wd -> downloadedFile2.exists());
    System.out.println("PDF file2 is downloaded successfully.");

4. Merging the PDFs

We are using PDFMergerUtility from Apache PDFBox to merge the downloaded PDF files into a single PDF.

 public static void mergePDFFiles(String pdf1Path, String pdf2Path, String mergedPdfPath) throws IOException {
        PDFMergerUtility pdfMerger = new PDFMergerUtility();

        pdfMerger.addSource(new File(pdf1Path));
        pdfMerger.addSource(new File(pdf2Path));
        pdfMerger.setDestinationFileName(mergedPdfPath);

        // Merge PDFs
        pdfMerger.mergeDocuments(null);

    }

Step 1 – Creates an instance of PDFMergerUtility which is a utility class in Apache PDFBox for merging multiple PDF files.

PDFMergerUtility pdfMerger = new PDFMergerUtility();

Step 2 – Adds the first PDF file (pdf1Path) and the second PDF file (pdf2Path) as sources to the PDFMergerUtility instance.

pdfMerger.addSource(new File(pdf1Path));
pdfMerger.addSource(new File(pdf2Path));

Step 3 – setDestinationFileName is a method provided by PDFMergerUtility to set the output file’s path.

 pdfMerger.setDestinationFileName(mergedPdfPath);

Step 4 – The mergeDocuments(COSLoadOptions) method performs the merging operation. The parameter null signifies that default load options are used.

pdfMerger.mergeDocuments(null);

5. Delete old PDF files

Verify if each file exists before attempting to delete it and printing a success or failure message based on the deletion attempt.

public static void deleteOldPDFFiles(File... files) {
        for (File file : files) {
            if (file.exists()) {
                if (file.delete()) {
                    System.out.println(file.getName() + " was deleted successfully.");
                } else {
                    System.out.println("Failed to delete " + file.getName() + ".");
                }
            }
        }
    }

6. Quit the browser

Quit the browser after all the operations are finished to free up the resources.

driver.quit();

The entire program can be seen below:

package com.example;

import org.apache.pdfbox.Loader;
import org.apache.pdfbox.multipdf.PDFMergerUtility;
import org.apache.pdfbox.pdmodel.PDDocument;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedCondition;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.time.Duration;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

public class PDFMerge_Demo {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, IOException {

        String downloadFilepath = System.getProperty("user.dir") + File.separator + "merge_downloads";

        ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
        Map<String, Object> prefs = new HashMap<>();
        prefs.put("plugins.always_open_pdf_externally", true);
        prefs.put("download.default_directory", downloadFilepath);
        options.setExperimentalOption("prefs", prefs);

        WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
        driver.manage().window().maximize();
        driver.get("https://freetestdata.com/document-files/pdf/");

        // Download first PDF
        WebElement downloadLink1 = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@class='elementor-button-text']"));
        downloadLink1.click();

        //Wait for first PDF download to complete
        File downloadedFile1 = new File(downloadFilepath + "/Free_Test_Data_100KB_PDF.pdf");
        WebDriverWait wait1 = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(30));
        wait1.until((ExpectedCondition<Boolean>) wd -> downloadedFile1.exists());
        System.out.println("PDF file1 is downloaded successfully.");

        // Download second PDF
        WebElement downloadLink2 = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id=\"post-81\"]/div/div/section[3]/div/div[1]/div/section[2]/div/div[2]/div/div/div/div/a/span/span"));
        downloadLink2.click();

        //Wait for first PDF download to complete
        File downloadedFile2 = new File(downloadFilepath + "/260KB.pdf");
        WebDriverWait wait2 = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(30));
        wait2.until((ExpectedCondition<Boolean>) wd -> downloadedFile2.exists());
        System.out.println("PDF file2 is downloaded successfully.");

        String pdf1Path = downloadedFile1.getAbsolutePath();
        String pdf2Path = downloadedFile2.getAbsolutePath();

        //Check if PDF files exists
        if (downloadedFile1.exists() && downloadedFile2.exists()) {

            // Merge the PDF files
            mergePDFFiles(pdf1Path, pdf2Path, downloadFilepath + "/Merged_PDF.pdf");

            // Print success message
            System.out.println("PDF files merged successfully.");

            // Delete old PDFs
            deleteOldPDFFiles(downloadedFile1, downloadedFile2);

            // Print success message
            System.out.println("Old PDF files are deleted successfully.");
        } else {
            System.out.println("One or both of the PDF files are missing.");
        }

        // Close the browser
        driver.quit();

    }

    public static void mergePDFFiles(String pdf1Path, String pdf2Path, String mergedPdfPath) throws IOException {
        PDFMergerUtility pdfMerger = new PDFMergerUtility();

        pdfMerger.addSource(new File(pdf1Path));
        pdfMerger.addSource(new File(pdf2Path));
        pdfMerger.setDestinationFileName(mergedPdfPath);

        // Merge PDFs
        pdfMerger.mergeDocuments(null);

    }

    public static void deleteOldPDFFiles(File... files) {
        for (File file : files) {
            if (file.exists()) {
                if (file.delete()) {
                    System.out.println(file.getName() + " was deleted successfully.");
                } else {
                    System.out.println("Failed to delete " + file.getName() + ".");
                }
            }
        }
    }

}

The output of the above program is

We can see that the merged pdf is placed in the merge_downloads folder.

Congratulations on making it through this tutorial and hope you found it useful! Happy Learning!!