December 9, 2024December 10, 2024 vibssingh

How to test HTML ordered list in Selenium

Last Updated On

December 10, 2024

What is the ordered list?

HTML Ordered List is created by the HTML <ol> tag, to display elements in an ordered form, either numerical or alphabetical. Within the <ol> tag, list items <li> are used to define the items in sequential order.

This attribute is used to specify the start value of the list.

<ol>

<html>

<head>
    <title>Numbered List Example</title>
</head>

<body>
    <h2>Ordered List with Numbers</h2>
    <ol>
        <li>JavaScript</li>
        <li>Python</li>
        <li>Java</li>
        <li>C++</li>
        <li>C#</li>
    </ol>
</body>

</html>

Below is the program to print all the elements present in the ordered list in Selenium.

package com.example;

import org.openqa.selenium.Alert;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;

import java.time.Duration;
import java.util.List;

public class OrderedList {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        // Setup the webdriver
        ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
        WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);

        // Put an Implicit wait and launch URL
        driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(5));

        //Start Browser
        String filePath = "file:///C:/Users/vibha/OneDrive/Desktop/OrderedList.html";
        driver.get(filePath);

        //maximize browser
        driver.manage().window().maximize();

        //Locate the ordered list using its tag name
        WebElement orderedList = driver.findElement(By.tagName(("ol")));

        //Fetch all the list items
        List<WebElement> listItems = orderedList.findElements(By.tagName("li"));

        //Iterate through the list and print the contents
        for (int i = 0; i < listItems.size(); i++) {
            System.out.println(listItems.get(i).getText());
        }

        //Close the main window
        driver.quit();
    }

}

The output of the above program is

1. Initialize WebDriver

Initialize the WebDriver. Here, it is ChromeDriver.

// Setup the webdriver
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);

2. Put an Implicit wait and launch URL

driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(5));
String filePath = "file:///C:/Users/vibha/OneDrive/Desktop/OrderedList.html";
driver.get(filePath);

3. Maximize the browser

driver.manage().window().maximize();

4. Locate the ordered list using the tag name.

Use Selenium tagName method to locate the element.

 WebElement orderedList = driver.findElement(By.tagName(("ol")));

5. Fetch all the items

Iterate through the list and print the contents.

 List<WebElement> listItems = orderedList.findElements(By.tagName("li"));
for (int i = 0; i < listItems.size(); i++) {
            System.out.println(listItems.get(i).getText());
 }

6. Close the driver

Make sure to quit the browser to free up all the resources.

driver.quit();

Note:-

Ensure that the correct locators are used to minimize the risk of element identification issues.
Handle the exceptions, if any occur in the program.

That’s it! Congratulations on making it through this tutorial and hope you found it useful! Happy Learning!!

December 4, 2024 vibssingh

JMeter Multiple Choice Answers – MCQ1

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Welcome to the JMeter Quiz!

JMeter Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ1

Answers

1) a) Apache

2) b) Performance and load testing

3) d) All of the above

4) c) Both A and B

5) d) All of the above

6) d) Bluetooth

7) d) All of the above

8) d) All of the above

9) d) Desktop

10) c) To define the number of users and the duration of the test

11) a) Non-functional

12) d) All of the above

13) c) Both A and B

14) d) Fatigue

15) c) Both (a) and (b)

16) a) True

17) a) True

18) a) True

19) a) True

20) a) Load

21) a) True

22) b) REACT OS

23) c) FTP Cookie Manager

24) d) All of the above

25) d) All of the above

December 4, 2024December 4, 2024 vibssingh

JMeter Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ1

Last Updated On

December 4, 2024

HOME

Welcome to the JMeter Quiz! This blog post features 25 multiple-choice questions that explore essential concepts of Performance Testing and JMeter.

1. This graphical application is 100% Java-based and open source, also known as __ JMeter.

Select the best answer

Apache
Java
Ajax
SQL

Answer

2. What is Apache JMeter primarily used for?

Choose one option

a) Editing text files
b) Performance and load testing
c) Virus scanning
d) Image editing

Answer

3. Which of the following is a component of the JMeter Distributed Testing?

Choose one option

a) Slave
b) Target
c) Master
d) All of the above

Answer

4. Testing __ applications are the primary use of JMeter, but other uses are functional testing, JDBC database connections, Web services, generic TCP connections, and OS native processes as well.

Choose one option

a) Web
b) FTP
c) Both a and b
d) None of the above

Answer

5. The JMeter performance testing tool offers various test activities, such as __, Regression, and Functional testing, in order to determine your web server’s performance metrics accurately.

Choose one option

a) Performance
b) Load
c) Stress
d) All of the above

Answer

6. Which of the following protocols is NOT supported by JMeter?

a) HTTP/HTTPS
b) FTP
c) SMTP
d) Bluetooth

Answer

7. What is/are the feature(s) of JMeter?

a) Open source application
b) User-friendly GUI
c) Support various testing approaches
d) All of the above

Answer

8. What types of apps can be tested using JMeter?

Choose one option

a) Websites
b) Databases(JDBc)
c) Web services both – REST and SOAP
d) All of the above

Answer

9. ________type is not supported by the JMeter

Choose one option

a) Web
b) JAR
c) LDAP
d) Desktop

Answer

10. What is the purpose of the Thread Group in JMeter?

Choose one option

a) To define the test plan
b) To define the target system
c) To define the number of users and the duration of the test
d) To define the type of test to be performed

Answer

11. Tests of software performance evaluate the application’s performance under expected or higher loads as a __ test.

Choose one option

a) Non-functional
b) Semi-functional
c) Functional
d) None of the above

Answer

12. Different performance attributes of the system are measured during performance testing, such as __, scalability, and stability.

Choose one option

a) Response time (speed)
b) Reliability
c) Resource Use
d) All of the above

Answer

13. Why is Performance Testing needed?

Choose one option

a) It is important to test the final software product for speed, scalability, and stability under a variety of load conditions before launching it into the market.
b) It’s likely to cause slow processing and poor usability if the product goes live without performing performance testing, which can negatively affect the sales goal.
c) Both A and B
d) None of the above

Answer

14. Stress Testing is also known as __.

Choose one option

a) Fatal
b) Crucial
c) Former
d) Fatigue

Answer

15. What is/are the type(s) of Performance Testing?

Choose one option

a) Load
b) Stress
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the above

Answer

16. Stress testing forces loading by bouncing system loading, you can determine how well the server can marshal resources to meet very high demand.

Choose one option

a) True
b) False

Answer

17. Load testing examines real-world loading at a variety of load levels and in a variety of combinations.

Choose one option

a) True
b) False

Answer

18. A variation of stress testing is sometimes referred to as spike/bounce testing.

Choose one option

a) True
b) False

Answer

19. By bouncing system loading, you can determine how well the server can marshal resources to meet very high demand.

a) True
b) False

Answer

20. During __ testing, different systems can be compared or a single system’s capabilities can be accurately measured in controlled lab conditions.

Choose one option

a) Load
b) Stress
c) Reference
d) Data

Answer

21. Stress testing forces loading to be increased to the breaking point to determine how much capacity the WebApp environment can handle.

a) True
b) False

Answer

22. JMeter does not support which of the following platforms?

a) Linux
b) REACT OS
c) Windows
d) MAC OS X

Answer

23. In JMeter, choose the INVALID configuration element.

a) FTP Request Defaults
b) HTTP Request Defaults
c) FTP Cookie Manager
d) HTTP Cookie Manager

Answer

24. __, logic controllers, and configuration elements make up a test plan.

a) Assertions
b) Listeners
c) Timers
d) All of the above

Answer

25. The major components of JMeter is/are –

a) Test Plan
b) Thread Group
c) Controllers
d) All of the above

Answer

====================================================================

November 27, 2024 vibssingh

Verifying Status Code and Status Line in Robot Framework

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In this article, we will discuss how to verify status code and status line in Robot Framework.

Table of Contents

What is Status Code?

A response code indicating the status of the request (e.g., 200 OK, 404 Not Found). The status code that the server returns tells us whether the request was successful or not. If the request was successful, the server sends the status code in the range of 200-299. If the request was not successful, then the status code other than the range is returned.

What is Status Line?

The status line is a key component of an HTTP response or request message. It provides information about the status of an HTTP request or the version of protocol being used.

HTTP/1.1 200 OK

HTTP/1.1: The HTTP protocol version.
200: The status code indicating success.
OK: A human-readable reason phrase for the status code.

What is RequestLibrary?

RequestLibrary is a Robot Framework library aimed to provide HTTP API testing functionalities by wrapping the well-known Python Requests Library.

Prerequisite:

Install Python
Install PIP
Install Robot Framework
Install Robot framework RequestLibrary
Install PyCharm IDE

Please refer to this tutorial to install Robot Framework – How to install and setup Robot Framework for Python.

Implementation Steps:

Create API tests to verify status code

The API Test in Robot Framework.

*** Settings ***
Library           RequestsLibrary
Library           Collections
Library           BuiltIn

*** Variables ***
${BASE_URL}          https://reqres.in/api/users/2

*** Test Cases ***
Validate HTTP Response Details
    [Documentation]   This test case validates the HTTP response status code, line, body, headers, and content type

    # Create session
    Create Session    api    ${BASE_URL}

    # Create headers dictionary in the test case
    ${HEADERS}=       Create Dictionary      Content-Type=application/json

    # Send GET request
    ${response}=      GET On Session    api    url=${BASE_URL}    headers=${HEADERS}

    # Validate Status Code
    Should Be Equal As Numbers    ${response.status_code}    200
    Log To Console    Status Code: ${response.status_code}

   # Construct expected status line dynamically
    ${expected_status_line}=    Set Variable    HTTP/1.1 ${response.status_code} OK
    Log To Console    Expected Status Line: ${expected_status_line}

    # Validate Status Line
    ${actual_status_line}=   Evaluate    f"HTTP/1.1 ${response.status_code} OK"
    Should Be Equal    ${actual_status_line}    ${expected_status_line}
    Log To Console    Status Line: ${actual_status_line}

Settings Section

RequestsLibrary: Used for making HTTP requests.
Collections: Provides utilities like creating and manipulating dictionaries.
BuiltIn: Provides core Robot Framework keywords (like Log To Console).

Variables Section

${BASE_URL}: The base URL for the HTTP request.

Test Case Section:

This test case send an HTTP GET request.

1. Initializes an HTTP session named “api” with the specified base URL.

Create Session    api    ${BASE_URL}

2. Create Headers and includes the Content-Type.

 ${HEADERS}=       Create Dictionary      Content-Type=application/json

3. Sends a GET request on the “api” session to the specified URL. This request uses the headers created earlier, which includes the headers (${headers}) for authentication.

  ${response}=      GET On Session    api    url=${BASE_URL}    headers=${HEADERS}

${response}= We are saving the response of the GET operation in the ${response} variable.

4. Asserts that the response status code is 200, indicating a successful request. We have logged the Status Code too

Should Be Equal As Numbers    ${response.status_code}    200
Log To Console    Status Code: ${response.status_code}

5. Set Variable to construct expected Status Line. It dynamically constructs the expected status line using ${response.status_code}.

${expected_status_line}=    Set Variable    HTTP/1.1 ${response.status_code} OK

6. Evaluate to construct actual Status Line. Uses Python’s f-string syntax inside Evaluate to dynamically construct the actual status line.

${actual_status_line}=   Evaluate    f"HTTP/1.1 ${response.status_code} OK"

Execute the tests

We need the below command to run the Robot Framework script.

robot ValidateStatusCode.robot

The output of the above program is

View Report and Log

We have the test case passed. The Robot Framework generates log.html, output.xml, and report.html by default.

Let us now see the report and log details.

Report

Right-click on report.html. Select Open In->Browser->Chrome(any browser of your wish).

The Report generated by the framework is shown below:

Log

Robot Framework has multiple log levels that control what is shown in the automatically generated log file. The default Robot Framework log level is INFO.

Right-click on log.html. Select Open In->Browser->Chrome(any browser of your wish).

That’s it! Congratulations on making it through this tutorial and hope you found it useful! Happy Learning!!

Additional Tutorials

*How to Install Python on Windows 11*
*How to install and setup Robot Framework for Python*
*How to rerun failed tests in Robot Framework*
*Page Object Model in the Robot Framework*
*Parallel Testing in Robot Framework*
*How to load data from CSV files in the Robot Framework?*

November 25, 2024November 25, 2024 vibssingh

Jenkins Multiple Choice Answers – MCQ2

Last Updated On

November 25, 2024

HOME

Welcome to the Jenkins Quiz!

Jenkins Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ2

Answers

1) B) Blue Ocean Plugin

2) C) Jenkins notifies you and allows you to decide when to restart

3) C) Use Global Tool Configuration to add different Git versions

4) A) SonarQube Scanner Plugin

5) C) Go to Manage Plugins and uninstall the plugin from the Installed tab

6) C) To store build artifacts generated by the build process

7) A) To provide a log of the builds that have been performed in Jenkins

The Jenkins Build History provides a log of the builds that have been performed in Jenkins. It allows users to view the status of previous builds and identify any issues that occurred

8) C) A tool used to manage the installation of software on Jenkins nodes

The Jenkins Global Tool Configuration is a tool used to manage the installation of software on Jenkins nodes. It allows users to specify which software tools are required for builds and ensures that they are installed on the nodes.

9) A) To provide an overview of the status of Jenkins jobs

The Jenkins Dashboard provides an overview of the status of Jenkins jobs. It allows users to monitor the progress of builds and view the results of tests.

10) B) A folder where Jenkins builds and stores files for a job

11) D) All of the above

12) B) SCM polling trigger

13) B) Groovy

14) B) A machine that Jenkins can use to execute jobs

15) C) A more structured and simplified way to define pipelines

16) A) Jenkins Master is the central server, while Jenkins Slave is a remote agent

17) C) Jenkinsfile

18) A) A syntax used to define the build process in Jenkins

The Jenkins Pipeline Syntax is a syntax used to define the build process in Jenkins. It is used to create pipelines that automate the building, testing, and deployment of software.

19) A) To validate the syntax of Jenkinsfiles

The Jenkinsfile Validator is used to validate the syntax of Jenkinsfiles. It ensures that the syntax is correct and identifies any errors or issues.

20) B) To execute Jenkins jobs on Jenkins Nodes

The Jenkins Build Executor is used to execute Jenkins jobs on Jenkins Nodes. It is responsible for running the build process and executing the commands specified in the job configuration.

21) D) To queue Jenkins jobs for execution by the Build Executor

The Jenkins Build Queue is used to queue Jenkins jobs for execution by the Build Executor. Jobs are placed in the queue when there are no Build Executors available to execute them, and are executed in the order in which they were added to the queue.

22) C) To store build artifacts generated by the build process

Jenkins Artifacts are used to store build artifacts generated by the build process. Artifacts can include compiled code, test results, and documentation, and are stored in the Jenkins workspace.

23) D) A mechanism used to authenticate users in Jenkins

The Jenkins Authentication Mechanism is used to authenticate users in Jenkins. It can be configured to use a variety of authentication methods, including LDAP and Active Directory.

24) D) The machine on which the Jenkins server is installed

The Jenkins Master is the machine on which the Jenkins server is installeD) It is responsible for managing the Jenkins configuration, scheduling builds, and distributing work to Jenkins slaves.

25) C) A machine that is configured to execute builds for a Jenkins Master

A Jenkins Slave is a machine that is configured to execute builds for a Jenkins Master. It receives work from the Jenkins Master and executes it in a separate process or container.

November 25, 2024November 25, 2024 vibssingh

Jenkins Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ2

Last Updated On

November 25, 2024

HOME

Welcome to the Jenkins Quiz! This blog post features 25 multiple-choice questions that explore essential concepts of Jenkins.

1. Which plugin helps in visually modeling your Jenkins pipeline and improving the user experience?

Select the best answer

A) Pipeline Plugin
B) Blue Ocean Plugin
C) Job DSL Plugin
D) Pipeline Stage View Plugin

Answer

2. What happens when a plugin update requires a restart in Jenkins?

Choose one option

A) Jenkins automatically restarts without notification
B) The update is applied immediately without any restart
C) Jenkins notifies you and allows you to decide when to restart
D) The plugin is updated only after all builds are completed

Answer

3. How can you configure multiple versions of Git in Jenkins?

Choose one option

A) Install the Git Plugin and configure versions in each job
B) Install multiple versions in the system and select one during job configuration
C) Use Global Tool Configuration to add different Git versions
D) Jenkins does not support multiple Git versions

Answer

4. In Jenkins, which plugin would you use to set up static code analysis?

Choose one option

A) SonarQube Scanner Plugin
B) GitHub Plugin
C) Email Extension Plugin
D) Pipeline Plugin

Answer

5. How do you remove an installed plugin in Jenkins?

Choose one option

A) Manually delete the plugin from the Jenkins directory
B) Use the CLI to remove it
C) Go to Manage Plugins and uninstall the plugin from the Installed tab
D) Plugins cannot be uninstalled

Answer

6. What is the purpose of the Jenkins Artifacts?

A) To provide a log of the builds that have been performed in Jenkins
B) To manage the configuration of Jenkins
C) To store build artifacts generated by the build process
D) To enable Jenkins to communicate with external systems

Answer

7. What is the purpose of the Jenkins Build History?

A) To provide a log of the builds that have been performed in Jenkins
B) To manage the configuration of Jenkins
C) To generate reports on the status of Jenkins jobs
D) To enable Jenkins to communicate with external systems

Answer

8. What is the Jenkins Global Tool Configuration?

Choose one option

A) A feature that allows users to configure global settings in Jenkins
B) A plugin that provides additional functionality to Jenkins
C) A tool used to manage the installation of software on Jenkins nodes
D) A tool used to manage the distribution of work to Jenkins slaves

Answer

9. What is the purpose of the Jenkins Dashboard?

Choose one option

A) To provide an overview of the status of Jenkins jobs
B) To manage the configuration of Jenkins
C) To generate reports on the status of Jenkins jobs
D) To enable Jenkins to communicate with external systems

Answer

10. What does the “workspace” in Jenkins refer to?

Choose one option

A) A specific plugin’s settings page
B) A folder where Jenkins builds and stores files for a job
C) A project created by Jenkins users
D) A shared Jenkins repository for storing jobs

Answer

11. Jenkins can be integrated with which of the following version control systems?

Choose one option

A) Git
B) Subversion (SVN)
C) Mercurial
D) All of the above

Answer

12. Which type of trigger can be used in Jenkins to start a job automatically?

Choose one option

A) Manual trigger
B) SCM polling trigger
C) Post-build trigger
D) Automated backup trigger

Answer

13. Jenkins pipelines are defined using which language?

Choose one option

A) YAML
B) Groovy
C) XML
D) Python

Answer

14. What is a Jenkins “node”?

Choose one option

A) A code block in a Jenkins pipeline
B) A machine that Jenkins can use to execute jobs
C) A Jenkins plugin
D) A configuration file

Answer

15. What is a “Declarative Pipeline” in Jenkins?

Choose one option

A) A pipeline defined in a Jenkins job configuration
B) A pipeline that uses the Groovy DSL for defining steps
C) A more structured and simplified way to define pipelines
D) A pipeline written in YAML format

Answer

16. Given the following Selenium WebDriver code, what does `.sendKeys(Keys.TAB)` achieve?

Choose one option

A) Jenkins Master is the central server, while Jenkins Slave is a remote agent
B) Jenkins Master is responsible for building the software, while Jenkins Slave is responsible for testing it
C) Jenkins Master is a component of Jenkins, while Jenkins Slave is a separate tool
D) Jenkins Master is used for local builds, while Jenkins Slave is used for cloud-based builds

Answer

17. Which of the following is not a Jenkins plugin?

Choose one option

A) Git
B) Maven
C) Jenkinsfile
D) Slack

Answer

18. What is the Jenkins Pipeline Syntax?

Choose one option

A) A syntax used to define the build process in Jenkins
B) A syntax used to define the configuration of Jenkins
C) A syntax used to define the structure of Jenkins plugins
D) A syntax used to define the communication protocols used by Jenkins

Answer

19. What is the purpose of the Jenkinsfile Validator?

A) To validate the syntax of Jenkinsfiles
B) To validate the configuration of Jenkins
C) To validate the functionality of Jenkins plugins
D) To validate the results of Jenkins builds

Answer

20. What is the purpose of the Jenkins Build Executor?

Choose one option

A) To manage the configuration of Jenkins
B) To execute Jenkins jobs on Jenkins Nodes
C) To generate reports on the status of Jenkins jobs
D) To enable Jenkins to communicate with external systems

Answer

21. What is the purpose of the Jenkins Build Queue?

A) To manage the configuration of Jenkins
B) To execute Jenkins jobs on Jenkins Nodes
C) To generate reports on the status of Jenkins jobs
D) To queue Jenkins jobs for execution by the Build Executor

Answer

22. What is the purpose of the Jenkins Artifacts?

Answer

23. What is the Jenkins Authentication Mechanism?

A) A tool used to manage the installation of software on Jenkins nodes
B) A feature that allows users to configure global settings in Jenkins
C) A tool used to manage the distribution of work to Jenkins slaves
D) A mechanism used to authenticate users in Jenkins

Answer

24. What is the Jenkins Master?

A) The primary node in a Jenkins cluster
B) A tool used to manage the installation of software on Jenkins nodes
C) A tool used to manage the distribution of work to Jenkins slaves
D) The machine on which the Jenkins server is installed

Answer

25. What is a Jenkins Slave?

A) A tool used to manage the installation of software on Jenkins nodes
B) A tool used to manage the distribution of work to Jenkins slaves
C) A machine that is configured to execute builds for a Jenkins Master
D) The primary node in a Jenkins cluster

Answer

====================================================================

November 22, 2024 vibssingh

How to pass authorization token in header in Robot Framework

Last Updated On

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In this article, we will discuss how to pass the Authentication Token in the header. We will focus on its implementation in Robot Framework.

What is an authorization token?

An authorization token is often referred to as an access token. It is a piece of data or credential. This token is used to authenticate. It authorizes access to protected resources or operations in a system.

Below is an example of passing authorization token in Postman.

Table of Contents

Prerequisite:

Install Python
Install PIP
Install Robot Framework
Install Robot framework Selenium Library
Install PyCharm IDE

Please refer to this tutorial to install Robot Framework – How to install and setup Robot Framework for Python.

What is RequestLibrary?

RequestLibrary is a Robot Framework library aimed to provide HTTP API testing functionalities by wrapping the well-known Python Requests Library.

Implementation Steps:

Step 1 – Create a new project

Step 1.1 – Open PyCharm and create a new project. Go to File and select New Project from the main menu.

Step 1.2 – Choose the project location. Click the “Browse” button next to the Location field and specify the directory for your project.

Deselect the Create a main.py welcome script checkbox because you will create a new Python file for this tutorial.

Click on the “Create” Button.

Step 1.3 – A new dialog appears asking to open the project using any one of the given options. I have selected New Window as I like to have separate windows for each project.

Below is the image of the new project created in PyCharms.

Step 2 – Install RequestLibrary

To install RequestLibrary, you need to use the below command:

pip install robotframework-requests

Step 3 – Add robotframework-requests package to the PyCharms

Go to File->Settings ->Project:API_RobotFramework ->Python Interpreter.

Click on the “+” sign and enter robotframework-requests in the search bar. It will show a list of packages. Select the “robotframework-requests” package and click on the “Install Package”.

Once the package is installed, we will see the message that the package is installed successfully.

Once the package is installed, it can be seen under the package list as shown below:

Step 4 – Create a new directory in the new project

Right-Click on the project, select New->Directory, and provide the name as Tests

Below is the image of the new directory.

Right-click on the new directory and select New File and provide the name as AuthTokenDemo.robot as shown below:

Step 5 – Create API tests in Robot Framework

The API Test in Robot Framework.

*** Settings ***
Library           RequestsLibrary
Library           Collections
Library           BuiltIn


*** Variables ***
${BASE_URL}       https://httpbin.org/basic-auth/user/pass
${AUTH_TOKEN}     Basic dXNlcjpwYXNz


*** Test Cases ***
Example API Request with Authorization Header
    [Documentation]   Example of sending a GET request with an Authorization token in the header

    Create Session    api    ${BASE_URL}

     # Create headers dictionary in the test case
    ${headers}=       Create Dictionary    Authorization=${AUTH_TOKEN}    Content-Type=application/json

   ${response}=      GET On Session    api    url=${BASE_URL}     headers=${headers}
    Log To Console    Status Code: ${response.status_code}
    Log To Console    Response Body: ${response.text}
    Should Be Equal As Numbers    ${response.status_code}    200

Settings Section

Variables Section

${BASE_URL}: The base URL for the HTTP request.
${AUTH_TOKEN}: Authentication Token

Test Case Section:

This test case send an HTTP GET request with an Authorization token in the headers.

1. Initializes an HTTP session named “api” with the specified base URL.

Create Session    api    ${BASE_URL}

2. Create Headers and includes the predefined token (Basic dXNlcjpwYXNz) for basic authentication.

${headers}=       Create Dictionary    Authorization=${AUTH_TOKEN}    Content-Type=application/json

3. Sends a GET request on the “api” session to the specified URL. This request uses the headers created earlier, which includes the headers (${headers}) for authentication.

${response}=      GET On Session    api    url=${BASE_URL}     headers=${headers}

${response}= We are saving the response of the GET operation in the ${response} variable.

4. Asserts that the response status code is 200, indicating a successful request.

Log To Console    Status Code: ${response.status_code}
Log To Console    Response Body: ${response.text}
Should Be Equal As Numbers    ${response.status_code}    200

Step 6 – Execute the tests

We need the below command to run the Robot Framework script.

robot AuthTokenDemo.robot

The output of the above program is

Step 7 – View Report and Log

We have the test case passed. The Robot Framework generates log.html, output.xml, and report.html by default.

Let us now see the report and log details.

Report

Right-click on report.html. Select Open In->Browser->Chrome(any browser of your wish).

The Report generated by the framework is shown below:

Log

Robot Framework has multiple log levels that control what is shown in the automatically generated log file. The default Robot Framework log level is INFO.

Right-click on log.html. Select Open In->Browser->Chrome(any browser of your wish).

That’s it! Congratulations on making it through this tutorial and hope you found it useful! Happy Learning!!

Additional Tutorials

*How to Install Python on Windows 11*
*How to install and setup Robot Framework for Python*
*How to rerun failed tests in Robot Framework*
*Page Object Model in the Robot Framework*
*Parallel Testing in Robot Framework*
*How to load data from CSV files in the Robot Framework?*

November 20, 2024March 26, 2025 vibssingh

SQL Multiple Choice Answers – MCQ3

Last Updated On

March 26, 2025

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Welcome to the SQL Quiz!

SQL Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ3

Answers

1) d) We can insert and delete rows in a view

2) d) Order By

Order By clause is used to sort the retrieved data in ascending or descending order. Group By clause is used to group the result-set by one or more columns. Order and Group are not valid SQL commands.

3) a) True

NULL signifies an unknown value or a value which doesn’t exist during the creation of the record.

4) c) Drop

5) a) <>

6) c) Select top

7) d) Limit

All database systems does not supports SELECT TOP clause. It can be used in SQL. Mysql supports the LIMIT clause to fetch a limited number of records from the database table.

8) d) All correct

9) b) Selects a record if both conditions are true

10) b) Adds a value to a column’s existing value

11) a) True

12) d) No syntax error

13) d) No error

14) a) XOR operator

SQL does not have an XOR logical operator. Use AND/OR instead.

15) d) All Correct

The compound operator ‘*=’ is correctly used to double the salary of specified employees.

16) a) It functions as a WHERE clause

Without GROUP BY, HAVING functions like a WHERE clause, filtering rows based on specified conditions.

17) a) The query fails

Using a column in SELECT that is not part of GROUP BY without an aggregate function causes the query to fail.

18) c) GROUP BY Salary

GROUP BY should be used with the column mentioned in SELECT, here it should be GROUP BY Department.

19) d) HAVING AverageSalary > 50000

HAVING should be used with an aggregate function directly, not with an alias.

20) a) SELECT Name

Name should be included in the GROUP BY clause or used within an aggregate function.

21) d) No Error

The query correctly groups by Department and uses HAVING to filter groups.

22) d) All Correct

ORDER BY 3 is correct, indicating ordering by the third column in the SELECT list.

23) c) WHERE MAX(Salary) > 50000

Aggregate functions such as MAX should be used in the HAVING clause when filtering groups created by the GROUP BY clause.

24) c) No error

The query correctly uses HAVING with ALL to compare counts across departments.

25) c) HAVING clause misuse

The original statement had an error in the HAVING clause. It incorrectly used the alias ‘TotalEmployees’. The correct HAVING clause should be “HAVING COUNT(*) > 5”.

November 20, 2024March 26, 2025 vibssingh

SQL Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ3

Last Updated On

March 26, 2025

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Welcome to the SQL Quiz! This blog post features 25 multiple-choice questions that explore essential concepts of SQL.

1. Which of the following statement is true about views in SQL?

Select the best answer

a) We can delete but not insert rows in a view
b) We cannot insert and delete rows in a view
c) We can insert but not delete rows in a view
d) We can insert and delete rows in a view

Answer

2. Which SQL keyword is used to sort the data returned by a SELECT statement?

Choose one option

a) Group
b) Order
c) Group By
d) Order By

Answer

3. NULL value is different from a zero value.

Choose one option

a) True
b) False

Answer

4. WHERE clause cannot be used with _

Choose one option

a) Select
b) Delete
c) Drop
d) Update

Answer

5. Which operator in the where clause signifies “Not Equal”?

a) <>
b)
c) <_>
d) <->

Answer

6. Which clause is used in SQL to fetch limited number of records from a table?

Choose one option

a) Select
b) Select limit
c) Select top
d) Top

Answer

7. Mysql supports which of the following clause to select a limited number of rows from a table?

a) Select
b) Select top
c) Top
d) Limit

Answer

8. What is missing in

ALTER TABLE Employees ADD CHECK (Age >= 18);

Choose one option

a) ALTER TABLE
b) ADD CHECK
c) (Age >= 18)
d) All Correct

Answer

9. In SQL, what does the logical operator AND do when used in a WHERE clause?

Choose one option

a) Selects a record if either condition is true
b) Selects a record if both conditions are true
c) Negates a condition
d) None of the above

Answer

10. In SQL, how does the compound operator ‘+=’ function?

Choose one option

a) Adds two values
b) Adds a value to a column’s existing value
c) Subtracts one value from another
d) Concatenates strings

Answer

11. The NOT NULL constraint enforces a) column to not accept NULL values.

Choose one option

a) True
b) False

Answer

12. Correct the syntax error in

UPDATE Products SET Price = Price * 1.1 WHERE Price < 100 OR Price > 200;

Choose one option

a) * 1.1
b) WHERE
c) OR
d) No syntax error

Answer

13. Identify the error

SELECT Name FROM Employees WHERE NOT (Age < 30 AND Department = 'Sales');

Choose one option

a) NOT operator
b) < 30
c) AND
d) No error

Answer

14. Identify the mistake in

SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE Department = 'HR' XOR Department = 'Finance';

Choose one option

a) XOR operator
b) = ‘HR’
c) = ‘Finance’
d) No mistake, the statement is correct

Answer

15. What needs to be changed in

UPDATE Employees SET Salary *= 2 WHERE YearsOfExperience > 5;

Choose one option

a) *= 2
b) WHERE
c) YearsOfExperience > 5
d) All Correct

Answer

16. In an SQL query, what role does HAVING play without a GROUP BY clause?

Choose one option

a) It functions as a WHERE clause
b) It has no effect
c) It causes an error
d) It filters aggregated results

Answer

17. What happens if you use a column in the SELECT statement that is not in the GROUP BY clause?

Choose one option

a) The query fails
b) The query succeeds, and the column shows arbitrary values
c) The query is automatically corrected
d) The column is ignored

Answer

18. Identify the error in

SELECT Department, COUNT(*) FROM Employees GROUP BY Salary;

Choose one option

a) SELECT Department
b) COUNT(*)
c) GROUP BY Salary
d) No error

Answer

19. What needs to be corrected in

SELECT AVG(Salary) AS AverageSalary FROM Employees HAVING AverageSalary > 50000;

Choose one option

a) SELECT AVG(Salary)
b) AS AverageSalary
c) FROM Employees
d) HAVING AverageSalary > 50000

Answer

20. Correct the syntax error in

SELECT Name, Department, COUNT(*) FROM Employees WHERE Department = 'Sales' GROUP BY Department;

Choose one option

a) SELECT Name
b) Department
c) COUNT(*)
d) WHERE Department = ‘Sales’

Answer

21. Identify the error

SELECT Department, SUM(Salary) FROM Employees GROUP BY Department HAVING COUNT(*) > 5;

Choose one option

a) SELECT Department
b) SUM(Salary)
c) GROUP BY Department
d) No Error

Answer

22. What is incorrect in

SELECT * FROM Employees ORDER BY 3;

Choose one option

a) SELECT *
b) FROM Employees
c) ORDER BY 3
d) All Correct

Answer

23. Identify the mistake in

SELECT Department, MAX(Salary) FROM Employees WHERE MAX(Salary) > 50000 GROUP BY Department;

Choose one option

a) SELECT Department
b) MAX(Salary)
c) HERE MAX(Salary) > 50000
d) GROUP BY Department

Answer

24. What needs correction?

SELECT Department, COUNT(EmployeeID) FROM Employees GROUP BY Department HAVING COUNT(EmployeeID) > ALL (SELECT COUNT(EmployeeID) FROM Employees GROUP BY Department);

Choose one option

a) ALL operator
b) COUNT(EmployeeID)
c) No error
d) subquery

Answer

25. What is wrong in

SELECT Department, COUNT(*) AS TotalEmployees FROM Employees GROUP BY Department HAVING TotalEmployees > 5 ORDER BY TotalEmployees;

Choose one option

a) SELECT Department
b) COUNT(*) AS TotalEmployees
c) HAVING clause misuse
d) ORDER BY TotalEmployees

Answer

====================================================================

Additional MCQ for SQL

SQL Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ2

SQL Multiple Choice Questions – MCQ3

November 15, 2024 vibssingh

How to Implement Basic Auth in Robot Framework

Last Updated On

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In this article, we will discuss how to perform Basic Auth with base64. We will focus on its implementation in Robot Framework.

What is Basic Auth?

Basic Authentication (Basic Auth) is a simple authentication scheme built into the HTTP protocol. It is used to securely transmit user credentials (username and password) to authenticate to an API or a web service.

Below is an example of authentication in Postman.

Table of Contents

Prerequisite:

Install Python
Install PIP
Install Robot Framework
Install Robot framework Selenium Library
Install PyCharm IDE

Please refer to this tutorial to install Robot Framework – How to install and setup Robot Framework for Python.

What is RequestLibrary?

RequestLibrary is a Robot Framework library aimed to provide HTTP API testing functionalities by wrapping the well-known Python Requests Library.

Implementation Steps:

Step 1 – Create a new project

Step 1.1 – Open PyCharm and create a new project. Go to File and select New Project from the main menu.

Step 1.2 – Choose the project location. Click the “Browse” button next to the Location field and specify the directory for your project.

Deselect the Create a main.py welcome script checkbox because you will create a new Python file for this tutorial.

Click on the “Create” Button.

Step 1.3 – A new dialog appears asking to open the project using any one of the given options. I have selected New Window as I like to have separate windows for each project.

Below is the image of the new project created in PyCharms.

Step 2 – Install RequestLibrary

To install RequestLibrary, you need to use the below command:

pip install robotframework-requests

Step 3 – Add robotframework-requests package to the PyCharms

Go to File->Settings ->Project:API_RobotFramework ->Python Interpreter.

Once the package is installed, we will see the message that the package is installed successfully.

Once the package is installed, it can be seen under the package list as shown below:

Step 4 – Create a new directory in the new project

Right-Click on the project, select New->Directory, and provide the name as Tests

Below is the image of the new directory.

Right-click on the new directory and select New File and provide the name as AuthTokenDemo.robot as shown below:

Step 5 – Create API tests in Robot Framework

The API Test in Robot Framework.

*** Settings ***
Library           RequestsLibrary
Library           Collections
Library           BuiltIn

*** Variables ***
${BASE_URL}       https://httpbin.org/basic-auth/user/pass
${USERNAME}       user
${PASSWORD}       pass
#${HEADERS}        Create Dictionary    Content-Type=application/json

**** Keywords ***
Create Basic Auth Header

    # Concatenate the username and password in "user:pass" format
    ${credentials}=    Set Variable    ${username}:${password}
    Log To Console    Credentials: ${credentials}

    # Encode the credentials using base64 encoding
    ${encoded}=    Evaluate    str(base64.b64encode('${credentials}'.encode('utf-8')), 'utf-8')    modules=base64
    Log To Console    Encoded Credentials: ${encoded}

    # Create a headers dictionary and add the Authorization header
    ${headers}=    Create Dictionary    Content-Type=application/json
    Set To Dictionary    ${headers}    Authorization=Basic ${encoded}
    RETURN    ${headers}

**** Test Cases ***
Test Preemptive Basic Auth with Custom Header
    [Documentation]   Manually setting Authorization header for preemptive Basic Authentication

    ${headers}=    Create Basic Auth Header

    Create Session    api    ${BASE_URL}    headers=${headers}
    ${response}=      GET On Session    api    url=${BASE_URL}
    Log To Console    Status Code: ${response.status_code}
    Log To Console    Response Body: ${response.text}
    Should Be Equal As Numbers    ${response.status_code}    200

Variables Section

${BASE_URL}: The base URL for the HTTP request.
${USERNAME} and ${PASSWORD}: Credentials for Basic Authentication.

Keywords Section

This custom keyword creates an HTTP header with Basic Authentication.

1. This concatenates the username and password into the format "user:pass".

${credentials}=    Set Variable    ${username}:${password}
Log To Console    Credentials: ${credentials}

2. Converts the string “user:pass” into a base64-encoded format. This is required for the Authorization header in Basic Authentication.

${encoded}=    Evaluate    str(base64.b64encode('${credentials}'.encode('utf-8')), 'utf-8')    modules=base64
Log To Console    Encoded Credentials: ${encoded}

3. Create Headers Dictionary

Create Dictionary: Initializes a dictionary with a key-value pair for Content-Type.
Set To Dictionary: Adds the Authorization header with the value Basic .
RETURN: Returns the dictionary to the calling test case.

${headers}=    Create Dictionary    Content-Type=application/json
Set To Dictionary    ${headers}    Authorization=Basic ${encoded}
RETURN    ${headers}

Test Case Section:

This test case uses the Create Basic Auth Header keyword to perform an authenticated GET request.

1. Calls the Create Basic Auth Header keyword to get a dictionary containing the HTTP headers for the request.

${headers}=    Create Basic Auth Header

2. Initializes an HTTP session named “api” with the specified base URL and headers. The headers contain Authorization for Basic Authentication.

Create Session    api    ${BASE_URL}    headers=${headers}

3. Sends a GET request on the “api” session to the specified URL. This request uses the headers created earlier, which include Basic Authentication.

${response}=    GET On Session    api    url=${BASE_URL}

${response}= We are saving the response of the GET operation in the ${response} variable.

4. Asserts that the response status code is 200, indicating a successful request.

 Log To Console    Status Code: ${response.status_code}
Log To Console    Response Body: ${response.text}
Should Be Equal As Numbers    ${response.status_code}    200

Step 6 – Execute the tests

We need the below command to run the Robot Framework script.

robot BasicAuthDemo.robot

The output of the above program is

Step 7 – View Report and Log

We have the test case passed. The Robot Framework generates log.html, output.xml, and report.html by default.

Let us now see the report and log details.

Report

Right-click on report.html. Select Open In->Browser->Chrome(any browser of your wish).

The Report generated by the framework is shown below:

Log

Robot Framework has multiple log levels that control what is shown in the automatically generated log file. The default Robot Framework log level is INFO.

Right-click on log.html. Select Open In->Browser->Chrome(any browser of your wish).

That’s it! Congratulations on making it through this tutorial and hope you found it useful! Happy Learning!!

Additional Tutorials

*How to Install Python on Windows 11*
*How to install and setup Robot Framework for Python*
*How to rerun failed tests in Robot Framework*
*Page Object Model in the Robot Framework*
*Parallel Testing in Robot Framework*
*How to load data from CSV files in the Robot Framework?*